راهنمای زبان بوسنیایی، صربی و کرواتی

Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian are three standardized forms based on very similar linguistic material. For many people the term "language" means standardized form of a language, and in this meaning we can speak of a Bosnian language, a Croatian language, and a Serbian language. "Language" can also be a system that permits communication, and in this meaning we can consider all three to make up one language. Serbo-Croatian was the traditional term. The non-native learner will usually want to choose to concentrate on Bosnian or Croatian or Serbian, but learning any of these actively plus some knowledge of the differences will permit the learner to take part in the communication system throughout the whole area. This description will use the term BCS to denote what the three standards have in common. The differences in grammar are not very numerous and will be discussed as we go along. The differences in vocabulary are more numerous; some will be pointed out in the vocabulary section. Abbreviations......Page 6 0.2 History......Page 7 0.3 Dialects......Page 8 0.4 Standard languages......Page 9 1.1.1 Vowels......Page 10 1.1.3 Consonants......Page 12 1.2.2 Accents......Page 15 1.3.1 Consonant changes......Page 16 1.3.2 Vowel changes......Page 18 1.3.3 Alternations from later sound changes......Page 19 2.1.1.2.1 Uses of the cases......Page 21 2.1.2 Noun declensions......Page 28 2.1.2.1.1 Masculine zero-ending nouns......Page 29 2.1.2.1.2 Neuter -o / -e ending nouns......Page 30 2.1.2.2 Nouns with -e in genitive singular......Page 31 2.1.2.4 Nouns declining as adjectives......Page 32 2.1.3.2 Demonstrative, possessive and other pronouns......Page 33 2.1.3.4 Interrog. pronouns, demonstrative and interrogative forms......Page 35 2.1.4 Adjectival declensions......Page 36 2.1.4.6 Comparatives and superlatives......Page 38 2.2.1.1 Finite forms vs. compound tenses......Page 39 2.2.1.3 Compound tenses......Page 40 2.2.1.5 Verbs of motion......Page 41 2.2.1.7 Active and passive......Page 42 2.2.2.0 General remarks about conjugations......Page 43 2.2.2.1 Present tenses in -e-......Page 44 2.2.2.2 Present tenses in -a-......Page 47 2.2.2.3 Present tenses in -i-......Page 48 2.2.2.6 The verb 'want, will'......Page 49 2.3.1 Major patterns of noun derivation......Page 50 2.3.2 Major patterns of adjective derivation......Page 51 3.1.1 Topic-comment structure......Page 53 3.1.4 Existential verbs......Page 54 3.1.5 Enclitic placement......Page 55 3.1.6 Ordering of elements within noun phrases......Page 56 3.2.1 Interrogative sentences......Page 57 3.2.2 Commands......Page 59 3.3 Copular sentences......Page 60 3.4 Coordination......Page 62 3.5.1 Complement clauses as subjects or objects......Page 64 3.5.2 Verbal adverbs, verbal noun, participle......Page 66 3.5.3 Relative clauses and their antecedents......Page 67 3.5.4 Relative clauses and order of elements......Page 68 3.6.3 Agreement in negativity......Page 69 3.7 Using pronouns in discourse......Page 70 3.7.4 Demonstratives......Page 71 3.7.6 Dropping the personal pronoun......Page 72 3.8.1 Reflexives sebe, se, svoj......Page 73 3.8.2 Reciprocals like jedan drugog......Page 74 3.9.1 The verb 'to have'......Page 75 3.9.4 Genitive for possession......Page 76 3.9.6 Possessor omitted......Page 77 3.10 Quantification......Page 78 4.2 Patterns of borrowing......Page 81 4.3 Incorporation of borrowings......Page 83 4.4.2 Body parts......Page 84 5. Dialects......Page 85 6. Text Samples......Page 89 Bibliography......Page 92 Web resources......Page 95