A guide to the World Anti-Doping Code : a fight for the spirit of sport

"Doping is the biggest problem facing sport. The World Anti-Doping Code has been adopted by sporting organisations worldwide at both national and international levels to provide a consistent and harmonised approach to anti-doping measures. The adoption of the Code, and its interpretation and application by the Court of Arbitration for Sport, have brought about great changes in sports law. This book provides a guide to the Code, illustrated through summaries of decisions by the Court of Arbitration for Sport and national-level tribunals which show the Code in operation."--BOOK JACKET. Read more... The development of principles relating to anti-doping regimes : the role of the Court of Arbitration for Sport -- Overview of the Code and the World Anti-Doping Program -- The international standards in more detail -- The nature of the Code and its interpretation and application -- Articles 1 and 2 of the Code : anti-doping rule violations under the Code -- Article 3 of the Code : the proof of anti-doping rule violations under the Code -- Responsibility for testing and investigations, results management, and hearings -- Sanctions for anti-doping rule violations : Articles 9 and 10 of the Code -- Article 13 : appeals under the Code -- Challenges to the Code in the courts -- The way ahead : the 2009 Code. Cover......Page 1 Title......Page 5 ISBN 13 9780521873000......Page 6 Contents......Page 7 Figures......Page 8 Table of Cases......Page 9 Introduction......Page 15 Adoption of the Code......Page 16 The Code and the International Standards......Page 17 Other methods of regulation......Page 19 Liaison with State authorities......Page 20 The need for consistency......Page 21 Outline of the book......Page 22 The sources of law in relation to the interpretation of the Code......Page 24 OMADC......Page 27 Different approaches......Page 28 Court challenges......Page 29 Criminal law: principles generally inapplicable......Page 30 The role of the Court of Arbitration for Sport......Page 31 CAS Rules......Page 32 Independence of CAS......Page 33 General rules......Page 34 Appeal arbitrations – special provisions......Page 35 The CAS ad hoc jurisdiction......Page 37 Substantive law governing dispute on appeal......Page 38 The key principles developed by CAS in doping matters before the Code......Page 39 Strict liability: rationale and need for clear rules......Page 42 PreCode CAS awards: strict liability justification for disqualification: flexibility in fixed sanctions?......Page 44 PreCode CAS awards: CAS reviewing fixed sanctions in antidoping policies......Page 46 Different approaches by CAS Panels to discretion in relation to fixed sanctions......Page 48 Illustrations: different outcomes......Page 50 Purpose......Page 54 The parts of the Code......Page 55 Acceptance by Signatories......Page 56 On appeals......Page 60 Agreement to investigation powers......Page 61 Effect of agreement to the jurisdiction of CAS: CAS Code of Sports Related Procedure and time limits applicable......Page 62 The possibility of differences at national and international level where Code not adopted or not properly applied at national level......Page 63 General international support: the UNESCO International Convention against Doping in Sport......Page 64 The Convention: summary......Page 65 The role of International Standards......Page 67 The Prohibited List......Page 69 Review of the Prohibited List......Page 70 How is a substance or method included in the List?......Page 71 What does the List include?......Page 72 Similar substances......Page 73 Specified substances......Page 74 CAS 2005/A/726, Calle Williams v. IOC......Page 75 CAS 2002/A/376, Baxter v. IOC......Page 76 General scientific challenges to test results......Page 77 Prohibited substances which occur naturally in the body......Page 78 Steroids......Page 79 Testosterone......Page 80 TUE Standard: general......Page 82 The TUE Standard in more detail......Page 83 Criteria for grant of TUE......Page 84 The application of the criteria......Page 85 Retroactive TUE applications......Page 86 The IST in more detail......Page 88 The ISL......Page 91 The presumption in favour of WADA laboratories......Page 94 Scientific tests......Page 95 Interpreting and applying the Code......Page 97 The purpose of the Code......Page 100 The international approach to interpretation......Page 101 Central role of CAS in interpretation......Page 102 Investigations into other violations......Page 104 The investigation and proof of ‘nonanalytical positive’ violations......Page 105 An example of the proof of a range of violations arising as a result of material found after a search by State authorities3......Page 107 Who can commit antidoping rule violations?......Page 113 Article 2.1: presence of a prohibited substance or its metabolites or markers in an athlete's bodily specimen......Page 114 Elements of violation......Page 115 Detection of prohibited substances......Page 116 Possible defences......Page 118 Areas of nonscientific challenge to testing and analytical processes......Page 119 'B' sample rights......Page 120 Article 2.2: use or attempted use of a prohibited substance or a prohibited method......Page 124 Intent......Page 125 Impossibility......Page 126 Use of prohibited methods......Page 127 Article 2.3: refusing, or failing without compelling justification, to submit to sample collection after notification as.........Page 128 Compelling justification......Page 129 Illustrations......Page 130 Article 2.4: violation of applicable requirements regarding athlete availability for outof competition testing including failure to provide required.........Page 133 Illustrations......Page 135 Article 2.5: tampering or attempting to tamper, with any part of doping control......Page 136 Illustrations of manipulation as a prohibited method established by drawing inferences: preCode CAS awards......Page 137 Article 2.6: possession of prohibited substances and methods......Page 139 Article 2.7: trafficking in any prohibited substance or prohibited method......Page 144 General approach to consideration of violations......Page 145 Limitation......Page 146 Burden on the antidoping organisation......Page 147 Burden on the athlete......Page 148 For the antidoping organisation......Page 149 The evidence which can be admitted in a hearing......Page 150 Admissions......Page 151 Silence in the face of allegations......Page 152 The burden and standard of proof in action......Page 153 CAS 2004/A/651, French v. Australian Sports Commission & Cycling Australia......Page 154 USADA v. Montgomery and USADA v. Gaines......Page 155 AAA No. 30 190 00658 04, USADA v. Collins......Page 156 Article 15: clarification of doping control responsibilities......Page 159 Testing incompetition at events......Page 160 Testing outofcompetition......Page 161 Investigations into antidoping rule violations other than doping......Page 162 Article 7: the results management proces......Page 163 Results management for other antidoping violations......Page 164 Article 7.5: provisional suspensions......Page 167 Article 14: reporting and confidentiality......Page 168 Article 14.2: public disclosure before final hearing......Page 169 Public reporting after decision......Page 170 Mutual recognition......Page 172 Fairness and due process......Page 173 The powers on appeal: curing defects in process below......Page 175 Impartiality......Page 176 CAS at first instance......Page 178 8 Sanctions for antidoping rule violations: Articles 9 and 10 of the Code......Page 179 The concept of proportionality......Page 182 Strict liability: loss of result, medal......Page 183 Article 10.1 Disqualification of further results......Page 184 Article 10.2: the periods of ineligibility, general approach......Page 185 The periods of ineligibility......Page 186 Article 10.3: specified substances......Page 187 Article 10.5.1: no fault or negligence, potential availability......Page 189 The Notes to Article 10.5.1......Page 190 Decisions under Articles 10.5.1 and 10.5.2......Page 191 Main principles for application of Articles 10.5.1 and 10.5.2......Page 192 The burden of showing how the prohibited substances came to be in the athlete’s body......Page 195 Consideration of no fault, no significant fault or negligence claims......Page 196 Proportionality......Page 198 Careless taking of supplements......Page 199 Reductions for no significant fault......Page 200 Reduction for no significant fault......Page 201 A continuing (limited) role for the principle of proportionality?......Page 203 No significant fault......Page 207 Article 10.5.3: substantial assistance......Page 211 Multiple violations: is there a second violation?......Page 212 American Arbitration Association North American Court of Arbitration for Sport Panel......Page 213 Commencement of period of ineligibility......Page 216 Article 11: consequences to teams......Page 217 The reallocation of results and medals......Page 218 The question of construction......Page 219 Nature of the process: challenges beyond the Code......Page 222 Position of CAS in appeal structure......Page 224 Decisions which are capable of being appealed......Page 225 Other appeals......Page 226 CAS 2007/A/1283, WADA v. ASADA, AWF and Karapetyn......Page 227 Parties entitled to appeal......Page 229 WADA appeals......Page 230 CAS approach to appeals......Page 231 Possible developments......Page 232 Challenges to antidoping regimes before the Code......Page 233 The Code and fundamental rights......Page 234 Challenges to CAS awards: general principles......Page 235 Grounds to set aside an award......Page 236 Challenges to the Swiss Federal Supreme Court......Page 237 Results on challenges......Page 239 Application of EC law to doping regimes......Page 241 Common law doctrine of restraint of trade and antidoping regimes......Page 243 Possible civil claims outside CAS and the Code......Page 249 Possible civil claims: early consideration of claim for compensation by CAS......Page 250 Amendments to the sanctions regime in the Code......Page 254 Proposed changes to the sanctions regime......Page 255 Article 10.4: broadening the category of specified substances......Page 256 The continuing role of Articles 10.5.1 and 10.5.2......Page 257 Assistance for antidoping organisations: amended Article 10.5.3......Page 258 Admissions where the admission is the only evidence: amended Article 10.5.4......Page 259 New Article 10.6: aggravating circumstances which may increase the period of ineligibility......Page 260 Prompt admission: effect on Article 10.6.2 and period of ineligibility......Page 261 Summary of effect of amendments to Articles on sanctions......Page 262 Further amendments......Page 265 Violation for breach of ineligibility order......Page 266 Appeals......Page 267 Whereabouts information......Page 268 Possible effects of the amended Code......Page 269 Index......Page 271 Doping is the biggest problem facing sport. The World Anti-Doping Code has been adopted by sporting organisations worldwide at both national and international level to provide a consistent and harmonised approach to anti-doping measures. The adoption of the Code, and its interpretation and application by the Court of Arbitration for Sport, has brought about great changes in sports law. This book provides a guide to the Code, illustrated through summaries of decisions by the Court of Arbitration for Sport and national level tribunals which show the Code in operation. It will assist all those involved in sport, whether as administrators, coaches or players, together with those who advise in the area and those interested in the operation of the current anti-doping regime. The book also explains the Amendments to the Code agreed in 2007 which are scheduled to come into force by January 2009. The development of principles relating to anti-doping regimes : the role of the Court of Arbitration for Sport Overview of the Code and the World Anti-Doping Program The international standards in more detail The nature of the Code and its interpretation and application Articles 1 and 2 of the Code : anti-doping rule violations under the Code Article 3 of the Code : the proof of anti-doping rule violations under the Code Responsibility for testing and investigations, results management, and hearings Sanctions for anti-doping rule violations : Articles 9 and 10 of the Code Article 13 : appeals under the Code Challenges to the Code in the courts The way ahead : the 2007 amendments to the Code.