A Grammatical Sketch of Hainan Cham : History, Contact, and Phonology

"This volume is a grammatical sketch of Hainan Cham, an endangered tonal Austronesian language. The study focuses on three areas: social background and contact history, the grammar (including all the recorded vocabulary), and a description of the sound system (including acoustic description). The appendixes also include the wordlist of Sanya Chinese forms and four analyzed texts"-- Provided by publisher Acknowledgements Table of contents List of maps List of tables List of figures Conventions List of abbreviations 1 Introduction 1.1 The Name Cham 1.2 Convergence Under Contact 2 The people and the setting 2.1 The Location, Population, and Mosques 2.2 Customs and Religion 2.2.1 Family names 2.2.2 Religious practices 2.3 Interaction with other groups 2.4 Economic comments 2.5 Trading 2.6 Education 3 Legends and History 3.1 Legends 3.2 The Japanese 3.3 History of Champa 3.3.1 The older wave of immigrants 3.3.2 The second wave of immigrants 4 The linguistic setting 4.1 The Linguistic History 4.2 The Language use survey 4.3 The Hainanese Dialect 4.4 The Mai Dialect 4.5 Mandarin and Southwest Mandarin 4.5.1 Sanya Mandarin 4.6 Sorting out the Chinese loan sources 4.7 The Li Language 4.8 Other linguistic influences 4.9 An aside on Arabic 4.10 Stübel’s notes 4.11 Zheng and Ouyang’s work on the language 4.12 Other investigators 5 The Hainan Cham sound system 5.1 Word structure 5.2 Syllable structure 5.3 Consonants 5.4 Vowels 5.4.1 Diphthongs 5.4.2 Triphthongs 5.5 Tones 5.6 The origins of tones: tonogenesis 5.7 The origins of secondary final glottal stops 5.7.1 Preploded final nasals 5.7.2 The PC *-l and *-r finals 5.7.3 PC *-ay and *-aw > -ayʔ and -aw? 5.7.4 Loans with final glottal stops 6 Acoustic analyses 6.1 Consonants 6.1.1 Voice onset time 6.1.2 Lenition of voiceless stops 6.1.3 Realization of implosives 6.2 Vowels 6.2.1 Vowels before a glottal stop 6.2.2 /a:/ and /a/ before a glottal stop 6.2.3 /a:/ and /a/ in syllables with a nasal coda 6.3 Diphthongs and triphthongs 6.3.1 Rising diphthongs [i̯u], [i̯ə], and [i̯a] 6.3.2 Falling diphthongs [ui̯], [oi̯],and [ai̯] 6.3.3 Diphthongs [ua] and [au] 6.3.4 Long diphthongs 6.3.5 Triphthongs 6.4 Tones 6.4.1 The ‘level’ tones 6.4.2 Tone 55 6.4.3 The contour tones 6.5 Phonation 6.5.1 Falsetto 6.5.2 Creaky voice 6.5.3 Creakiness and diphthongs 7 Word classes 7.1 Open classes 7.1.1 Nouns 7.1.1.1 Genitive constructions 7.1.1.2 N + N compounds [N [N]] 7.1.1.3 The sa33 patterns 7.1.1.4 sa33 in nominalizations [X sa33] 7.1.1.5 The X sa33 NP pattern: [modifier sa33 Nh] 7.1.1.5.1 [noun + sa33] + classifier phrase 7.1.1.5.2 [demonstrative + sa33] + classifier phrase + Nh 7.1.1.5.3 [pronoun + sa33] + Nh 7.1.1.5.4 [clause + sa33] + Nh 7.1.1.5.5 Word order change 7.1.1.6 Group marking devices and plurality 7.1.1.7 Juxtaposed collocations 7.1.1.8 Natural gender 7.1.2 Verbs and verbal constructions 7.1.2.1 The same verb with multiple objects 7.1.2.2 Chronologically ordered strings 7.1.2.3 Serial verbs 7.1.2.4 Benefactives and permissives 7.1.2.5 Directionals 7.1.2.5.1 Multiple directionals 7.1.2.5.2 V directional + V construction 7.1.2.6 Causatives 7.1.2.7 Resultatives (Cause-effect SVCs) 7.1.2.8 The polysemous hu33 7.1.3 Adverbs and adverbials 7.1.3.1 Adverbs of time 7.1.3.2 Adverbs of place 7.1.3.3 Adverbs of manner 7.1.3.4 Adverbs of frequency 7.1.3.5 Adverbial placement 7.1.3.6 Degree adverbials 7.1.3.7 Adverbial classifiers 7.1.4 Measurements of time 7.1.4.1 Hours 7.1.4.2 Days 7.1.4.3 Parts of the day 7.1.4.4 Months 7.1.4.5 Seasons 7.1.4.6 Years 7.2 Closed classes 7.2.1 Pronouns and other pro-forms 7.2.1.1 Personal pronouns 7.2.1.1.1 As head nouns 7.2.1.1.2 Other personal pronouns 7.2.1.1.3 In the sa33 construction 7.2.1.2 Indefinite and interrogative pro-forms 7.2.1.3 Reflexives, emphatics, and reciprocals 7.2.1.4 Inheritance and contact 7.2.1.5 Origins of the pronouns 7.2.2 Noun adjuncts 7.2.2.1 Prepositions and prepositional phrases 7.2.2.1.1 Locative prepositions 7.2.2.1.2 Locative nouns 7.2.2.1.3 Other prepositions 7.2.2.2 Classifier systems 7.2.2.2.1 Mensural classifiers 7.2.2.2.2 Sortal classifiers 7.2.2.2.3 Classifier word order 7.2.2.2.4 Class terms 7.2.2.2.5 Kinship terms 7.2.2.3 Quantifiers 7.2.3 Verb adjuncts 7.2.3.1 Negation (polarity) 7.2.3.2 Aspect 7.2.3.2.1 Beginnings, middles, and ends 7.2.3.2.2 Duration from reduplication 7.2.3.2.3 Repetitiveness with directions 7.2.3.2.4 An experiential auxiliary 7.2.3.2.5 The phi55 ‘completive’ 7.2.3.2.6 Perfective particles from Mandarin 7.2.3.2.7 ʔioʔ 33 ‘still’, and zi21kin33 ‘already’ 7.2.3.3 Modal auxiliary verbs 7.2.4 Non-clausal conjunctions 7.2.5 Other closed classes 7.2.5.1 Interjections 7.2.5.2 Exclamatory mood markers 7.2.5.3 Onomatopoeia and expressives 7.2.5.4 Numbers 7.2.5.4.1 Cardinal numbers 7.2.5.4.2 Borrowed Mandarin numbers 7.2.5.4.3 Numbers measuring time 7.2.5.4.4 Ordinals 7.2.5.4.5 Fractions and multiples 7.2.5.4.6 Indefinite numbers 7.2.5.4.7 Names and dates 7.2.5.4.8 Presentatives and numbers 7.2.5.5 Demonstratives 7.2.5.5.1 Demonstrative pronouns and adjectives 7.2.5.5.2 Demonstrative pronouns 7.2.5.5.3 Demonstrative adjectives 7.2.5.5.3.1 Demonstrative + classifiers 7.2.5.5.3.2 Demonstrative + CLF + sa33 + 7.2.5.5.3.3 Demonstratives + head nouns 8 Clause types 8.1 The internal structure 8.1.1 Nonverbal predicates 8.1.1.1 Nominal predicates and equational clauses 8.1.1.2 Locative predicates 8.1.2 Verbal predicates 8.1.2.1 Intransitive predicates: adjectival and verbal 8.1.2.1.1 Functions and distribution of adjectives 8.1.2.1.2 Adjectives preposed using sa33 8.1.2.1.3 Comparatives 8.1.2.1.4 Superlatives 8.1.2.2 Transitive predicates 8.1.2.3 Ditransitive predicates 8.1.2.4 Presentatives (existentials) 8.2 Sentence types 8.2.1 Declaratives 8.2.2 Interrogatives 8.2.2.1 Polar interrogatives 8.2.2.2 Alternative questions 8.2.2.3 Interrogative and indefinite pro-forms 8.2.3 Imperatives 8.2.3.1 Negative imperatives 8.2.3.2 Particles that modify the imperative force 8.3 Clause combining 8.3.1 Coordinate clauses 8.3.2 Adverbial clauses 8.3.3 Complement clauses 8.3.4 Relative clauses 8.3.5 Purpose clauses 8.4 Information structure 8.4.1 Subjects, pivots, and topics 8.4.2 An apparent ‘disposal’ construction 8.4.3 Object fronting 8.4.4 Preverbal objects 8.4.5 The adversative pi33 passive 9 Discourse Pragmatics 9.1 Presentatives (high profile introductions) 9.2 Classifier + head noun introductions 9.3 Backgrounding: head noun + classifier 9.4 Backgrounded by just a classifier phrase 9.5 Classifiers in a short text 9.6 Participant tracking 9.6.1 The presentative and the old man 9.6.2 Classifier phrases and the old man 9.6.3 Pronouns (and Classifiers) 9.6.4 Marking a central character 9.6.5 Kinship terms 9.6.6 Deletion and cohesion in subject slots 10 Contact summary 10.1 Phonology 10.2 Lexicon 10.2.1 Modal verbs 10.2.2 Adverbials 10.2.3 Prepositions 10.2.4 Negation 10.2.5 Aspect 10.2.6 Quantifiers 10.2.7 Numbers 10.2.8 Mensural classifiers 10.2.9 Kinship terms 10.3 Clause structure 10.3.1 Clausal conjunctions 10.3.2 Relative clauses 10.3.3 Adversative passive 10.4 Word order 10.5 Constructions 10.6 Directions for future research Texts Appendix A: Hainan Cham – English Glossary / English – Hainan Cham Glossary Appendix B: The Stübel wordlist Appendix C: Sanya Mandarin References Index From 1963 to 2011 Pacific Linguistics, located at the Australian National University, published over six hundred books concerned with the languages of the Pacific, Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Southeast, South and East Asia. The Mouton Pacific Linguistics series represents a continuation of this publishing venture under the same Editorial Board. The Pacific Linguistics series presents linguistic descriptions, dictionaries, and other materials concerned with languages of this region. The authors and editors of Pacific Linguistics publications are drawn from a wide range of institutions around the world, and its publications are refereed by international scholars with relevant expertise. Pacific Linguistics has built a reputation as the most authoritative publisher of works on the languages of the Pacific and neighbouring areas, read by scholars with an interest in the region as well as by linguists with interests in language typology, sociolinguistics, language contact and the reconstruction of linguistic change and culture history. Pacific Linguistics is proud to act as a vehicle for the dissemination of knowledge about the languages of the Pacific and the Pacific Rim, many of which are little known, and to bring them to the attention of scholars around the world, as well as providing local communities with published language material, at a time when many minority languages are under threat. Presents a grammatical sketch of Hainan Cham, an endangered tonal Austronesian language. This book focuses on three areas: social background and contact history, the grammar (including all the recorded vocabulary), and a description of the sound system (including acoustic description).