A Grammar of Tukang Besi (Mouton Grammar Library [Mgl]) (English and Austronesian Edition)

AcknowledgementsThis book has benefited in manner and material from a long line of people. I would like tothank the Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, who allowed me to conduct research inIndonesia, and arranged for the Pusat Bahasa in Jakarta to be my sponsor; my friends inIndonesia who have supplied the data and companionship that have made this whole thingpossible, particularly La Mboe's family (especially Saediman) and the other people inPatuno who endured me and kept inviting me back; my supervisors during my doctoraldegree at the Australian National University: in order of appearance, Ulrike Mosel,Malcolm Ross, Avery Andrews and Andy Pawley have all had an enormous effect on thefinal shape of this thesis, in very different ways but equally important ways; other peopleat the ANU, both academic and non-academic, helped in mnay ways. I shan't list themhere, but if you were at ANU between 1991 and 1995, chances are you helped. Specialthanks to those friends who have welcomed me into their homes in Indonesia, put me up,and put up with me: Rene van den Berg and Lydi van den Berg-Klingeman, Dave andSuree Andersen; and of course Bastian, Wim, Lalita, and not to forget the ever-patient Tia.And a few very fun and sanity-preserving visits to Natasha and Didi's place in Mola.Various people who were not at the ANU but who were helpful with something or theother, or several somethings and others: again, I shan't name everyone here, but therewere many. Thanks. Acknowledgements 5 Conventions 6 Table of Contents 9 List of maps, figures and tables 19 Plates 21 Map 1: The Tukang Besi islands in Indonesia 25 Map 2: Wanci 25 Map 3: The Tukang Besi islands 26 1. Introduction 27 1.1 Setting 27 1.2 The region 32 1.3 The language 32 1.4 Sources for this study 38 1.5 Data-gathering procedures 39 2. Phonology and morphophonology 41 2.1 The phonemes 41 2.2 Extra-phonemic issues 55 2.3 Syllable level processes 56 2.4 Variable phonetic processes 60 2.5 Processes involving nasals 64 2.6 Orthographic issues 69 3. Syntactic units and the clause 73 3.1 Introduction 73 3.2 Categories and terms 73 3.3 Guide to Tukang Besi grammatical forms 76 3.4 Verbal clauses 77 3.5 Non-verbal clauses 82 3.6 Other clause types 84 3.7 Pragmatically determined variations in clause structure 85 3.8 Articles and case marking 89 3.9 A short note on interclausal relations 93 3.10 The status and structure of phrases in the clause 94 3.11 The layers of the clause: core and oblique arguments 100 3.12 Summary 106 4. Word classes 109 4.1 The term ‘word’ 109 4.2 Word classes and the problem of overlap 112 4.3 Open word classes 116 4.4 Nouns 116 4.5 Verbs and adjectives 117 4.6 Closed word classes 131 4.7 A note on ‘derivational’ and ‘inflectional’ categories 138 5. Pronouns 139 5.1 Personal pronouns 139 5.2 Use of the free forms 141 5.3 Affixed pronominal forms 149 5.4 Subject prefixes 155 5.5 Possessive suffixes 157 5.6 Scope of possessive antecedency 159 5.7 Object agreement 160 5.8 Dative object agreement 161 6. Demonstratives 163 6.1 Introduction 163 6.2 Semantic differences: set one 163 6.3 Semantic differences: set two 164 6.4 Use of the different demonstrative forms 168 6.5 Use of the demonstratives 170 6.6 The use of the demonstratives in discourse tracking 175 7. Verb phrases 177 7.1 Verb phrases 177 7.2 Subject prefixes 178 7.3 Subject infix -[um]- 180 7.4 Possessive marking on adjectives 182 7.5 Irregularities in subject marking 183 7.6 Object suffixes 184 7.7 External possession 192 7.8 Object incorporation 193 7.9 Aspect and auxiliaries 196 7.10 Adverbs 203 8. Serial verb constructions 207 8.1 Introduction 207 8.2 Non-contiguous serialisation 210 8.3 Contiguous serialisaton 219 8.4 Summary of morphosyntactic differences 228 8.5 Serial verbs and other grammatical categories 229 9. Causative morphology 231 9.1 Causative mophology: introduction 231 9.2 Factitive hoko- 234 9.3 Causative pa- 237 9.4 Requestive hepe- 243 9.5 Causatives: combinations 245 9.6 Causatives and ditransitive verbs 246 9.7 Causatives: summary 247 10. Applicative morphology 251 10.1 Applicatives: Introduction 251 10.2 Comitative applicative suffix -ngkene 254 10.3 General applicative suffix -ako 257 10.4 Locative applicative ‘suffix complex’ -(VC)i 268 10.5 Double applicatives 273 10.6 Applicatives and ditransitive verbs 284 10.7 Applicatives: summary 286 10.8 Combining properties and the question of symmetry or asymmetry 292 11. Other verbal morphology 297 11.1 Valency reducing affixes 297 11.2 Passive prefixes 300 11.3 Valency-neutral prefixes 307 11.4 Valency-announcing prefixes 310 11.5 Causative-applicative combinations 316 11.6 Combinations with reciprocals 319 11.7 Combinations with passives 323 11.8 Reduplication 324 11.9 The position of verbal morphology 327 12. Noun phrases: core and oblique phrases 329 12.1 Noun Phrase structure and the Case Phrase 329 12.2 KPs with an NP headed in the N position 331 12.3 NPs not headed in the N position 335 12.4 Appositional phrases 338 12.5 Names 341 12.6 Nominalising morphology: - ’a and - ’o 342 12.7 Structure of the prepostional phrase 346 12.8 Semantic range of the different prepostions 348 12.9 Functions of the oblique phrase 349 12.10 General oblique: oblique article i/di 351 12.11 Individual prepositions 353 12.12 Complex prepositions 358 12.13 Not-quite prepositions: ako, pake and kene 359 13. Possession and possessive constructions 363 13.1 Introduction 363 13.2 Phrasal possession 363 13.3 Clausal possession 374 13.4 Summary 378 14. Non-verbal and semi-verbal clauses 379 14.1 Introduction 379 14.2 Equative clauses 379 14.3 Oblique Predicate clauses 381 14.4 Presentative clauses 383 14.5 Numerical clauses 385 14.6 Comparative clauses 386 14.7 Exclamatory clauses 388 14.8 Existential clauses 388 14.9 Negative existential clauses 390 15. Relative clauses 393 15.1 Introduction 393 15.2 Aspect and polarity in relative clauses 394 15.3 Multiple relative clauses 396 15.4 Subject relative clauses 398 15.5 Instrumental relative clauses 402 15.6 Object relative clauses 405 15.7 Internal relative clauses 411 15.8 Non-verbal modification: relative phrases 413 16. Complementation 415 16.1 Types of complementation in Tukang Besi 415 16.2 Types of complement-taking predicates 416 16.3 Complementisers 419 16.4 Verbs of desire 420 16.5 Verbs of mental perception 425 16.6 Verbs of decision 427 16.7 Physical perception complements 428 16.8 Verbs of manipulation 430 16.9 Discourse complements 432 17. Adverbials 435 17.1 Adverbial clauses 435 17.2 Clauses of reason 435 17.3 Adverbial clauses of time 437 17.4 Conditional ara, karo 441 17.5 Concessional bisa 442 17.6 Possessed floaters: karama- and pe’esa- 442 18. Conjoining 447 18.1 Levels of coordination 447 18.2 Clauses joined without a conjunction 451 18.3 Clauses joined with a conjunction 452 18.4 Conjoining Vs 457 18.5 Conjoining NPs 458 18.6 ‘Floating’ conjuncts 465 18.7 Reciprocal constructions 470 19. Speech acts 473 19.1 Speech acts: introduction 473 19.2 Negation 474 19.3 Interrogatives, questions and answers 475 19.4 Imperative verbforms and commands 478 19.5 Imprecatives and insulting 481 19.6 Suggestions and hortatives 482 19.7 Summonses and vocatives 483 19.8 Requests and performatives 483 19.9 Exclamatory sentences and surprise 484 19.10 Sentence-final particles 485 20. Pivots and grammatical relations 487 20.1 Introduction: kinds of pivots 487 20.2 Pivots in Tukang Besi 488 20.3 [S,A] and [O] pivots 489 20.4 Nominative pivots 495 20.5 Nominative pivots with [S,O] constraint 498 20.6 Nominative pivot with [Theme/Patient] constraint 499 20.7 Non-nominative pivot 500 20.8 [S,O] pivot 500 20.9 Agent pivots 501 20.10 Instrumental pivots 502 20.11 Mixed pivot: existential clauses 504 20.12 Pivotless constructions 505 20.13 Grammatical categories 506 20.14 Summary 515 Appendix: Texts 517 1 Wa Iambo 517 2 Pada 529 3 Wa Sabusaburengki 531 4 Tukang Besi 537 5 La Kohokoho kene La Kandokendoke (The Heron and the Monkey) 542 6 La Kolokolopua ke La Kandokendoke (The Tortoise and the Monkey) 547 7 Te Daoa (The Market) 556 Wordlist 559 Notes 581 References 583 Index 599 The series builds an extensive collection of high quality descriptions of languages around the world. Each volume offers a comprehensive grammatical description of a single language together with fully analyzed sample texts and, if appropriate, a word list and other relevant information which is available on the language in question. There are no restrictions as to language family or area, and although special attention is paid to hitherto undescribed languages, new and valuable treatments of better known languages are also included. No theoretical model is imposed on the authors; the only criterion is a high standard of scientific quality. To discuss your book idea or submit a proposal, please contact Birgit Sievert.

The series builds an extensive collection of high quality descriptions of languages around the world. Each volume offers a comprehensive grammatical description of a single language together with fully analyzed sample texts and, if appropriate, a word list and other relevant information which is available on the language in question. There are no restrictions as to language family or area, and although special attention is paid to hitherto undescribed languages, new and valuable treatments of better known languages are also included. No theoretical model is imposed on the authors; the only criterion is a high standard of scientific quality.