A Grammar of Northern and Southern Gumuz

Presented to the Department of Linguistics......Page 1 Degree awarded September 2012......Page 2 PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE:......Page 6 GRANTS, AWARDS, AND HONORS:......Page 7 PUBLICATIONS:......Page 8 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 9 TABLE OF CONTENTS......Page 12 7.2. Non-stem Morphology of the Verb 206 7.2.1. Mood 206......Page 18 IX. VERBAL (PREDICATE) CLASSIFIERS AND......Page 19 APPENDICES......Page 24 1.2. Map of Zones and Weredas of the Benishangul-Gumuz Region. 5......Page 25 1.2. Regular Sound Correspondence Between Gwama and Gumuz 29......Page 27 CHAPTER I......Page 30 1.1.1. Location......Page 32 1.1.2. The Gumuz Dialects......Page 33 1.2. Language Consultants and Data Collection......Page 37 1.3. Gumuz People......Page 38 1.3.1. Gumuz Language Names......Page 39 1.3.2. Gumuz History and Migration......Page 40 1.4.1. Early Descriptions of the Gumuz Language......Page 42 1.4.2.1. Descriptions by M. Lionel Bender......Page 43 1.4.2.2. Descriptions by Peter Unseth......Page 44 C+ [] --> Co, Cu......Page 46 1.4.2.5. Mandura Gumuz Description by Marco Innocenti......Page 48 1.4.3.3. Ehret......Page 49 1.5. Genetic Classification......Page 50 1.5.2. Bender Classifications......Page 51 Figure 1.5. Bender 1991 Classification......Page 52 1.5.3. Ehret Classification......Page 53 Figure 1.7. Ehret Classification (2001)......Page 54 Figure 1.8. Blench 2012 Classification......Page 55 1.5.5. Gumuz as a Possible Isolate......Page 56 2.1.1. Northern Gumuz (Mandura)......Page 60 2.1.1.1.1 Consonants with Limited Distribution......Page 61 2.1.1.1.2 Labialized Consonants......Page 63 2.1.1.1.3 Semi-vowels......Page 67 2.1.1.2 Palatal Stops......Page 68 The sections which follow describe some of the more salient phonological rules involving the consonants of NoG.......Page 69 2.1.1.3.3 Nasal Assimilation......Page 70 2.1.1.3.5 Metathesis......Page 71 2.1.1.4 Free Variation of /n/ and /l/......Page 72 2.1.2 Southern Gumuz (Kamashi Zone)......Page 73 2.1.2.2 Phonological Rules......Page 74 2.2.1 Vowel Quality......Page 76 2.2.2.1 The Problem of Vowel Length Contrasts......Page 84 2.2.4 Vowel Harmony/Assimilation......Page 88 In addition to synchronic phonological rules, I have also found at least two historical sound changes that exist between NoG and SoG. There likely exist other historical sound changes when comparing these two dialects but a deeper historical analysis.........Page 91 2.3.2 Nasal Insertion and Velar Weakening......Page 92 2.4 Tone......Page 93 2.4.1 Tone Levels and Melodies......Page 94 2.4.2 Downstep......Page 96 CH3DissP85......Page 100 The fact that number is not generally inflectionally marked in Gumuz nouns, as demonstrated in examples (3.1-3.3), has caused scholars to question the placement of Gumuz within the Nilo-Saharan (N-S) family. Within Nilo-Saharan, a tripartite nominal.........Page 101 Certain other terms for people can also be marked with má-/ ḿ̩(á)- (3.5, 3.6) as well as livestock (3.7) and certain other animals (3.8).......Page 102 3.2.2. The /-á-/ Plurals (Vowel Lengthening)......Page 106 A third small subset of nouns can be marked plural via reduplication of the initial consonant plus the addition of /áá/. This may be a combination of strategies: reduplication of the initial consonant plus /a/ with plural vowel lengthening (resulti.........Page 107 In Gumuz, there exist two major classes of nouns: relational nouns and absolute nouns. Relational nouns are nouns whose referent has an inherent relationship to the nominal constituents that accompany them. Absolute nouns, on the other hand, are nou.........Page 108 Relational nouns in Gumuz are either marked with the suffix /-má/ indicating inherent possession (IP) which is homophonous with (and related to) the 3SG possessive suffix /-má/ or are marked with another possessive pronominal suffix. The suffix is .........Page 109 Kinship terms in both NoG and SoG exhibit unique morpho-syntax which distinguishes these nouns from other non-relational (absolute nouns) in Gumuz. For one, there exists a distinct construction for the genitive noun phrase. In NoG, ‘child’ is marke.........Page 110 For certain kinship terms such as ‘child’ there exists both a relational sense of the term (3.21) and absolute sense, the latter of which has no inherent relation to another entity (3.25). That is, ‘child’ in Gumuz can refer to a relationship to anot.........Page 111 comb......Page 112 One special set of nouns in Gumuz, which are metaphorical parts of wholes, are relator nouns. These are body part terms (save one) which have grammaticalized to indicate spatial relations. While body part terms are not always obligatorily possessed,.........Page 113 3.3.4 Deverbal Relational Nouns......Page 114 3.4.1 Deverbal Nominalizations......Page 116 3.4.1.1 Verbal Nouns......Page 117 3.4.1.2 /ga-/ Nominalizations......Page 121 Noun-noun (NN) “compounding” is a highly productive form of nominal derivation in Gumuz. Such productive derivations are formed via the Associative Construction, a nonfinite nominal modification construction (Chapter VI). Instances of the more lexi.........Page 123 3.4.2.2 Gender......Page 124 3.4.2.3 Augmentative......Page 131 3.4.2.4 Diminutive......Page 132 PRONOUNS......Page 134 Table 4.1. Free Personal Pronouns in Gumuz......Page 135 NoG......Page 137 SoG......Page 138 SoG......Page 139 Table 4.2. Demonstrative Pronouns in Gumuz......Page 140 SoG......Page 141 NoG......Page 142 NoG......Page 143 NoG......Page 144 NoG......Page 146 Table 4.4. Gumuz Possessive Pronoun Suffixes and Their Tonal Melodies......Page 147 NoG......Page 148 NoG......Page 149 NoG......Page 150 SoG......Page 151 Table 4.6. A Pronominal Marking for NFUT Verbs......Page 153 NoG......Page 155 SoG......Page 156 SoG......Page 157 NOUN PHRASES AND PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES......Page 159 ‘One elderly man had a beautiful young girl’......Page 160 NoG (Innocenti 2010ː116)0F......Page 161 SoG......Page 162 SoG......Page 163 SoG......Page 164 NoG......Page 165 DIM-book GEN-1SG.POSS DIST LOC=HEAD table......Page 166 NoG......Page 167 SoG......Page 168 3PL-throw-NFUT=NEG rock big-HEAD-IP:MOD......Page 169 NoG......Page 171 SoG......Page 172 NoG......Page 173 SoG......Page 175 ‘S/he runs (the pieces) on top of (the others) again.’......Page 176 NoG......Page 177 NoG......Page 178 AFF-3SG.TR-take-NFUT-TWRD......Page 179 CH6DissP164......Page 180 CH7DissP196......Page 211 7.1.1. Incorporated Nouns / Classifiers (IN/CL)......Page 215 7.1.1.1 Lexicalized (Bipartite) Verb-Noun Compounds......Page 216 7.1.1.2 Grammaticalized IN/CL Morphemes......Page 217 7.1.2.1 Reciprocal......Page 221 7.1.2.2 Valence Reducer......Page 223 7.1.2.3 Verbalizer......Page 224 7.1.3. Pluractional /Verbal Plural......Page 225 7.1.3.1 Event Number......Page 226 7.1.3.2 Pluractional Events with Multiple Participants......Page 227 7.1.4. Directionals......Page 230 7.1.4.1 ‘Towards’(TWRD) Indicating ‘Motion Towards the Speaker’......Page 231 7.1.4.2 ‘Towards’ Indicating ‘Different Location from the Speaker’......Page 232 7.1.4.4 ‘Away’......Page 234 7.2.1. Mood......Page 235 7.2.1.1 The Affirmative Marker and Question Constructions......Page 236 7.2.1.3 Subordinating Prefixes......Page 238 7.2.2.1 Simultaneous A and O Marking......Page 240 7.2.2.2 Greater Plural......Page 242 7.2.2.3 Third Person Plural as Passive......Page 245 7.2.3. Incorporated Prepositions......Page 247 7.2.3.1 Incorporated Dative and Instrumental......Page 248 7.2.3.2 Incorporated Locative/Ablative......Page 256 7.2.4. Uncertainty......Page 259 7.2.5.1 Nonfuture......Page 260 7.2.5.2 Future......Page 261 7.2.6.1 Middle Versus Other Voice Constructions......Page 262 7.2.6.2 Middle Versus Reflexive Constructions......Page 267 7.2.7. Perfect Aspect......Page 269 There exist two negative clitics: /=ŋgó/, which is used in both NoG and SoG and /=cê/, which is used by Gumuz speakers living in and around Sirba Abay wereda (county) as well as parts of Wenbera and Agelo Met’i weredas. These clitics are restricted.........Page 270 SoG (Sirba Abay)......Page 271 NoG......Page 272 One can also combine the uncertainty prefix (section 7.2.4) with the hearsay marker in order to indicate that the person that the speaker heard the information from was not certain it was true (7.196).......Page 273 NOUN INCORPORATION......Page 274 SoG......Page 275 NoG......Page 276 ‘S/he has a big head.’......Page 278 NoG......Page 279 NoG......Page 280 NoG......Page 281 Table 8.1.Simple and Complex Incorporated Nouns with Corresponding Unincorporated Forms......Page 282 LOC-Addis.Ababa AFF-1SG.INTR-be.afraid-NFUT-place......Page 283 NMLZ-skin-head=NEG cow......Page 286 NoG......Page 287 AFF-FUT-wash-1SG.TR-body face-1SG.POSS......Page 288 SoG......Page 290 NoG......Page 291 NoG......Page 292 NoG......Page 293 NoG......Page 294 VERBAL (PREDICATE) CLASSIFIERS AND NOUN CATEGORIZATION......Page 295 NoG......Page 297 Table 9.1. Incorporated Nouns/Classifiers (IN/CL) with Corresponding Free Forms......Page 298 Table 9.2. Semantics of Verbal Classification for S/O Arguments......Page 299 SoG......Page 301 NoG......Page 302 NoG......Page 303 NoG......Page 304 NoG......Page 305 NoG......Page 306 NoG and SoG......Page 307 NoG and SoG......Page 308 SoG......Page 309 SoG......Page 310 NoG......Page 311 NoG......Page 312 NoG......Page 313 NoG......Page 314 NoG......Page 315 SoG......Page 316 SoG......Page 317 NoG......Page 318 NoG......Page 319 NoG......Page 320 SoG......Page 321 NoG......Page 322 NoG......Page 323 SoG......Page 324 SoG......Page 325 SoG......Page 326 Table 9.3. Class Morphemes in Gumuz......Page 330 NoG......Page 332 NoG......Page 333 SoG......Page 335 NoG and SoG......Page 339 SoG......Page 340 ‘I blow on the fire (embers) so that I can cook the sauce on it.’......Page 342 NoG......Page 347 SoG......Page 351 SoG......Page 352 SoG......Page 353 SoG......Page 356 SoG......Page 358 Table 9.4. Range of Syntactic/Semantic Behaviors of Morphemes in NoG......Page 360 SoG......Page 361 SoG......Page 362 CH10DissP353......Page 365 11.1. Complement Clauses......Page 387 11.1.1. Subject Complements......Page 388 11.1.2. Object Complements......Page 389 11.1.2.1. Nonfinite ma- Complements as Objects......Page 390 11.1.2.2. Object Complements Formed with the ma- Construction and an Argument Coded as a Possessor......Page 393 11.1.2.3. Finite ma- Complements as Objects In SoG, a finite form of the ma- construction is used for different-subject complement clauses. These complements are finite in that they take bound subject pronominals which indicate transitivity by their tonal melodies. The relative order of morphemes following the verb root in this construction (both inflectional and derivational) is the same as for future tense main clause verbs (see Chapter VII). This complement construction may be limited to complements of the verb ‘want’. The majority of examples of different subject complements in the corpus include a /ká-/ prefix as part of the construction.......Page 395 11.1.2.4. Object Complements Formed with /ká-/ Plus ma-......Page 396 11.1.2.5. Object Complements Formed with /ée-/ Plus ma-......Page 400 11.2.1.1. The Fully Inflected ‘Go’ Auxiliary and its Complement......Page 402 11.2.1.2. The Uninflected ‘Go’ Auxiliary......Page 403 11.2.2. Complements of Negative Auxiliaries......Page 404 11.3. Progressive Aspect......Page 407 11.4. Negative Commands......Page 410 Participant nominalizations in Gumuz are comprised of a pronominal element followed by a nominalized verb or verb phrase. To nominalize a verb in Gumuz, one can use the /ma-/ nominalizer or the /ga-/ nominalizer. A verb nominalized with /ma-/ obligat.........Page 414 12.1.1 Animate Participant Nominalizations......Page 415 12.1.2 Inanimate Participant Nominalizations......Page 419 12.1.3 ‘Place’ Nominalizations......Page 424 In NoG, participant nominalizations are often found in cleft constructions. The cleft construction in NoG is a ‘copular’ clause construction involving NP-NP juxtaposition. One NP of the clause takes the focus marker =tso and the other NP takes the .........Page 427 12.2 Historical Sources for Participant Nominalizations in Gumuz......Page 428 12.3 Finite Relative Clauses......Page 433 In NoG, it appears as though there exist both internally headed and externally headed RCs (see section 12.3.1.3 below). For internally headed RCs, only the bare relativizer strategy is used (/l-/) and the word order must be AVO or VS. When the RC is.........Page 434 For headless RCs using the bare relativizer strategy and relativizing on an O, the RC verb carries intransitive tone on the bound subject pronominal. If the A argument of the headless RC (relativizing on O) precedes the verb, an /-á/ suffix is added .........Page 435 The preceding two sections introduced relativization strategies for NoG but did not discuss headedness. We now turn to the question of whether a RC has an internal versus an external lexical head.......Page 436 With the relative pronoun plus relativizer strategy, the order of RC and lexical head is fixed: the RC is prenominal. This strategy differs from the bare relativizer strategy in that the /-á/ suffix for O argument heads is marked on the verb of the .........Page 437 12.3.1.4 Relativizing on A Arguments......Page 438 12.3.1.5 Relativizing on S Arguments......Page 441 12.3.1.6 Relativizing on O Arguments......Page 444 12.3.1.7 Relativizing on Objects of Prepositions......Page 447 12.3.1.8 ‘Where’/‘Place’ Relativization......Page 449 12.3.2 SoG Relative Clauses......Page 450 12.3.2.1 Relativizing on A Arguments......Page 451 12.3.2.2 Relativizing on S Arguments......Page 453 12.3.2.3 Relativizing on O Arguments......Page 455 12.3.2.4 Relativizing on Objects of Prepositions......Page 458 12.3.2.5 ‘Where’/‘Place’ Relativization......Page 459 CH13DissP454......Page 461 ABBREVIATIONS......Page 477 y APPBDiss PHNMCON......Page 481 z APPCDiss478......Page 492 Beam, M. S. and E. A. Cridland. 1979. Uduk-English Dictionary. Volume 4 of Linguistics MonographSeries. 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