A Grammar of English : The Consequences of a Substance-Based View of Language. Volume 2, Structures

This grammar of English embraces major lexical, phonological, syntactic structures and interfaces. It is based on the substantive assumption: that the categories and structures at all levels represent mental substance, conceptual and/or perceptual. The adequacy of this assumption in expressing linguistic generalizations is tested. The lexicon is seen as central to the grammar; it contains signs with conceptual, or content, poles, minimally words, and perceptual, and expression, poles, segments. Both words and segments are differentiated by substance-based features. They determine the erection of syntactic and phonological structures at the interfaces from lexicon. The valencies of words, the identification of their semantically determined complements and modifiers, control the erection of syntactic structures in the form of dependency relations. However, the features of different segment types determines their placement in the syllable, or as prosodies. Despite this discrepancy, dependency and linearization are two of the analogical properties displayed by lexical, syntactic and phonological structure. Analogies among parts of the grammar are another consequence of substantiveness, as is the presence of figurativeness and iconicity. Contents 7 Parts I and II are available in A Grammar of English. Volume 1: Categories 13 Preface 19 Part III: Lexicon 23 Prelude to Part III: Formatives, words, compounds, and phrases 23 Chapter 27 Derivational Morphology and Morphosyntax 32 Chapter 28 Word Accent, Morphophonology, and Phonology 59 Chapter 29 Inflectional Morphology and Functional Categories 86 Chapter 30 Compounds and Affixes 123 Chapter 31 Sourceless Compounds 154 Chapter 32 Lexical Phrases, and Localism 170 Chapter 33 Icon and Metaphor 192 Chapter 34 Figurativeness 221 Conclusion to Part III 247 Part IV: Syntax 275 Prelude 275 Fit the 1st: Finites 301 Chapter 35 Mood, Existence, Negation, and Scope 301 Chapter 36 Subject-Selection, Notional Weakening, and Grammatical Periphrases 10.1515/9783110729504-013 334 Chapter 37 Subordinate Finites 366 Fit the 2nd: Non-Finites 401 Chapter 38 Gerunds and Participles 401 Chapter 39 Infinitives 432 Fit the 3rd: Placement, Alt-Placement, and Sub-Placement 461 Chapter 40 The Syntax of Determiners 461 Chapter 41 Co-indices: Mobility and Ellipsis 493 Chapter 42 Co-indices and Pre-utterance Phonology 521 Envoi 547 Subplot: Commentary on the Text 553 References 647