نژادی بیگانه و متمایز: داستان ناگفته فرانکو-آمریکایی‌ها: صنعتی‌سازی، مهاجرت، و تنش‌های مذهبی

In the later 19th century, French-Canadian Roman Catholic immigrants from Quebec were deemed a threat to the United States, potential terrorists in service of the Pope. Books and newspapers floated the conspiracy theory that the immigrants seeking work in New England's burgeoning textile industry were actually plotting to annex parts of the United States to a newly independent Quebec. Vermette’s groundbreaking study sets this neglected and poignant tale in the broader context of North American history. He traces individuals and families, from the textile barons who created a new industry to the poor farmers and laborers of Quebec who crowded into the mills in the post-Civil War period. Vermette discusses the murky reception these cross-border immigrants met in the USA, including dehumanizing conditions in mill towns and early-20th-century campaigns led by the Ku Klux Klan and the Eugenics movement. Vermette also discusses what occurred when the textile industry moved to the Deep South and brings the story of emigrants up to the present day. Vermette shows how this little-known episode in U.S. history prefigures events as recent as yesterday’s news. His well documented narrative touches on the issues of cross-border immigration; the Nativists fear of the Other; the rise and fall of manufacturing in the U.S.; and the construction of race and ethnicity. CONTENTS 9 INTRODUCTION 11 Overview 14 Definition of Terms 18 PROLOGUE 23 A Sprint Through 250 Years of History 23 SECTION ONE 37 From Ships’ Captains to Captains of Industry 37 CHAPTER ONE 39 Head of the Mercantile Community of Boston 39 The Merchant Princes and the Old China Trade 46 CHAPTER TWO 50 A Textile Industry for New England 50 From Waltham to Lowell 52 The Era of the Mill Women 56 Why New England? 58 CHAPTER THREE 62 Enter The Cabots 62 The First Cabot Mill 65 Francis Cabot: From Salem to Natchez 66 Frederick Cabot and the Turn Toward Textile Manufacturing 67 The Elliot Manufacturing Company 70 The Lowell Manufacturing Company 72 The Kennebec and Norway Plains Companies 74 CHAPTER FOUR 77 Textiles in Brunswick 77 The First Half-Century 77 Cabot and Greene 82 SECTION TWO 89 The Other Side of the Cotton 89 CHAPTER FIVE 91 Franco-Americans Rescue King Cotton 91 A New Cheap Labor Pool for New England 98 Fever for The States 106 The Saviors of Textile Manufacturing 109 Not So Docile 111 CHAPTER SIX 117 Franco-Americans Come to Brunswick 117 1850 118 1860 119 1870 122 1880 125 1900 127 CHAPTER SEVEN 131 The Case of the Cabot Mill 131 Not Only Brunswick 143 Not The Same Everywhere 148 CHAPTER EIGHT 152 A Rich Uncle from the States? 152 Drivers of the Emigration Movement 159 Why Emigrate? 162 Why Not Settle Elsewhere in Canada? 166 CHAPTER NINE 172 Who Were the Immigrants? 172 The Day-Laborers and the Move Away from Agriculture 180 CHAPTER TEN 186 They Came from L’Islet 186 The Stereotype of the Unenterprising, Stagnant Peasant 189 SECTION THREE 193 Th eReception of Franco-Americans 193 CHAPTER ELEVEN 195 Franco-Americans and Americanism 195 A Different Idea of Citizenship 199 The Chinese of the Eastern States 206 CHAPTER TWELVE 212 Fears of Franco-American Conspiracy 212 The Case for the Defense 220 The Protestant Crusade 222 The Gospel Wagon Hits the Dusty Trail 225 Less Than Obedient Servants of the Hierarchy 230 The Providential Mission: A Conspiracy Theory Refuted 234 CHAPTER THIRTEEN 244 Eugenics and the Alien in Our Midst 244 Franco-Americans in Eugenics Literature 250 Franco-Americans and the Vermont Eugenics Project 256 The Eugenics Legacy 260 CHAPTER FOURTEEN 264 A Klan For New England 264 The Klan Comes to New England 273 Just Because They Were Catholics? 278 Klan-related Violence in New England 280 The Klan in Brunswick 286 SECTION FOUR 293 Tenacity and Modernity 293 CHAPTER FIFTEEN 295 Textiles Go South 295 The Decline and Fall of the Cabot Mill 298 CHAPTER SIXTEEN 308 Drifting Away from Little Canada in Body and Mind 308 Another Exodus 311 The Enclave That Refused to Die 314 CHAPTER SEVENTEEN 318 A Distinct Alien Race No Longer 318 CHAPTER EIGHTEEN 325 Franco-Americans and Québécois 325 Numbers and Characteristics of 21st Century Franco-Americans 332 EPILOGUE 335 Back to the Cemetery 335 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 339 NOTES 341 INDEX 379 Prologue: A Sprint Through 250 Years Of History -- Section One: From Ships' Captains To Captains Of Industry. Head Of The Mercantile Community Of Boston -- A Textile Industry For New England -- Enter The Cabots -- Textiles In Brunswick - The First Half-century -- Section Two: The Other Side Of The Cotton. Franco-americans Rescue King Cotton -- Franco-americans Come To Brunswick -- The Case Of The Cabot Mill -- A Rich Uncle From The States? -- Who Were The Immigrants? -- They Came From L'islet -- Section Three: The Reception Of Franco-americans. Franco-americans And Americanism -- Fears Of Franco-american Conspiracy -- Eugenics And The Alien In Our Midst -- A Klan For New England -- Section Four: Tenacity And Modernity. Textiles Go South -- Drifting Away From Little Canada In Body And Mind -- A Distinct Alien Race No Longer -- Franco-americans And Québécois -- Epilogue: Back To The Cemetery. David Vermette. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. In the late 19th century, French-Canadian Catholic immigrants were deemed a threat to the US, potential terrorists in service of the Pope. A conspiracy theory suggested the immigrants were plotting to annex parts of the US to an independent Quebec. This groundbreaking study sets this neglected tale in the broader context of North American history.