تاریخ فرهنگی ویتالیسم پزشکی در مون‌پلیهٔ روشنگری (تاریخ پزشکی در بافت)

One of the key themes of the Enlightenment was the search for universal laws and truths that would help illuminate the workings of the universe. It is in such attitudes that we trace the origins of modern science and medicine. However, not all eighteenth century scientists and physicians believed that such universal laws could be found, particularly in relation to the differences between living and inanimate matter. From the 1740s physicians working in the University of Medicine of Montpellier began to contest Descartes's dualist concept of the body-machine that was being championed by leading Parisian medical 'mechanists'. In place of the body-machine perspective that sought laws universally valid for all phenomena, the vitalists postulated a distinction being living and other matter, offering a holistic understanding of the physical-moral relation in place of mind-body dualism. Their medicine was not based on mathematics and the unity of the sciences, but on observation of the individual patient and the harmonious activities of the 'body-economy'. Vitalists believed that Illness was a result of disharmony in this 'body-economy' which could only be remedied on an individual level depending on the patient's own 'natural' limitations. The limitations were established by a myriad of factors such as sex, class, age, temperament, region, and race, which negated the use of a single universal treatment for a particular ailment. Ultimately Montpelier medicine was eclipsed by that of Paris, a development linked to the dynamics of the Enlightenment as a movement bent on cultural centralisation, acquiring a reputation as a kind of anti-science of the exotic and the mad. Given the long-standing Paris-centrism of French cultural history, Montpellier vitalism has never been accorded the attention it deserves by historians. This study repairs that neglect. Cover Half Title Title Copyright Dedication Contents Acknowledgments A Note on Translation Abbreviations Introduction 1 A Medical Town: Montpellier in the Eighteenth Century At the "elbow" of the south University and town The gardens Promoting and disseminating knowledge In the hospitals of Montpellier Practice and practitioners The waters 2 A University in the Enlightenment: The University of Medicine of Montpellier Institutional hierarchy Professors and students Student life The teachers of Bordeu 3 Boissier de Sauvages and the Emergence of Vitalism in Montpellier Against Descartes: Sauvages's early career Predictable and unpredictable remedies Sauvages's nosology Pathology and physiology Forces, faculties, and the action of the soul Classifying disease 4 The Ascent to Paris: Montpellier Physicians in the Capital of Enlightenment "This vile country" "Homines du Midi" in Paris The lure of surgery Students again The Montpellier Encyclopedists Montpelliérains and Paris medical journalism Vitalism in the salon Montpellier and the court 5 Vitalism and the Encyclopedist Movement Celebrating Béarn A family collaboration in Paris Vital force in the body Vitalism in the Encyclopédie Medicine and chemistry Barthez as Encyclopedist Vitalists and materialists 6 Time of Troubles: The University–Court Connection in the late Ancien Régime Untenable practices At war with the town doctors The clinic thwarted Internecine struggle A world away: Borden at court 7 Semiotics, Smallpox, Sex: From the Practical to the Philosophical in Vitalist Medicine Semiotics and the search for certainty "A frightful and treacherous malady" "Practical medicine" in the Encyclopédie Vital variability: the case of women 8 Barthez and the "Science of Man" Infinity of ills, infinity of cures The vital principle Forces of the animal economy "Modifications" of the vital principle: temperament and age Barthez and the "vitalist sect" 9 Vitalism in the Late Enlightenment The reception of Barthez's synthesis Montpellier and the Société rovale de médecine Vitalism and Mesmerism Conclusion: The End of the Enlightenment and the Eclipse of Montpellier Select Bibliography Index One Of The Key Themes Of The Enlightenment Was The Search For Universal Laws And Truths That Would Help Illuminate The Workings Of The Universe. It Is In Such Attitudes That We Trace The Origins Of Modern Science And Medicine. However, Not All Eighteenth Century Scientists And Physicians Believed That Such Universal Laws Could Be Found, Particularly In Relation To The Differences Between Living And Inanimate Matter. From The 1740s Physicians Working In The University Of Medicine Of Montpellier Began To Contest Descartes's Dualist Concept Of The Body-machine That Was Being Championed By Leading Parisian Medical Mechanists. In Place Of The Body-machine Perspective That Sought Laws Universally Valid For All Phenomena, The Vitalists Postulated A Distinction Between Living And Other Matter, Offering A Holistic Understanding Of The Physical-moral Relation In Place Of Mind-body Dualism. Their Medicine Was Not Based On Mathematics And The Unity Of The Sciences, But On Observation Of The Individual Patient And The Harmonious Activities Of The Body-economy.--jacket. 1. A Medical Town: Montpellier In The Eighteenth Century -- 2. A University In The Enlightenment: The University Of Medicine Of Montpellier -- 3. Boissier De Sauvages And The Emergence Of Vitalism In Montpellier -- 4. The Ascent To Paris: Montpellier Physicians In The Capital Of Enlightenment -- 5. Vitalism And The Encyclopedist Movement -- 6. Time Of Troubles: The University-court Connection In The Late Ancien Regime -- 7. Semiotics, Smallpox, Sex: From The Practical To The Philosophical In Vitalist Medicine -- 8. Barthez And The Science Of Man -- 9. Vitalism In The Late Enlightenment -- Conclusion: The End Of The Enlightenment And The Eclipse Of Montpellier. Elizabeth A. Williams. Selected Bibliography: P. [335]-353. Includes Bibliographical References And Index.