A Corpus-Based Approach to Clause Combining in English from the Systemic Functional Perspective (The M.A.K. Halliday Library Functional Linguistics Series)

This book presents corpus-based research on functional syntax. It is the first book to present a comprehensive investigation into grammatical metaphor in English clause combining in large-size corpora. By providing a systematic illustration of features such as parataxis, hypotaxis and embedding, it fills a gap in the systemic functional literature. It also offers insights into testing grammatical metaphors using a corpus linguistics methodology. The book is a useful resource for anyone interested in writing development. Notational Conventions 6 Acknowledgments 7 Contents 8 Abbreviations 11 List of Figures 12 List of Tables 15 Chapter 1: Introduction 18 1.1 Research Background 18 1.2 Purpose of the Study 21 1.3 Organization of the Book 23 References 24 Chapter 2: A Systemic Functional Approach to Clause Combining in English 27 2.1 Introduction 27 2.2 Overview of Clause Combining 27 2.2.1 Parataxis 30 2.2.1.1 Paratactic Expansion 30 2.2.1.1.1 Paratactic Elaboration 30 2.2.1.1.2 Paratactic Extension 30 2.2.1.1.3 Paratactic Enhancement 31 2.2.1.2 Paratactic Projection 32 2.2.2 Hypotaxis 32 2.2.2.1 Hypotactic Expansion 32 2.2.2.1.1 Hypotactic Elaboration 32 2.2.2.1.2 Hypotactic Extension 33 2.2.2.1.3 Hypotactic Enhancement 34 2.2.2.2 Hypotactic Projection 35 2.2.3 Embedding 36 2.2.3.1 Embedded Defining Clauses 37 2.2.3.1.1 Embedded Defining Clauses of Elaboration 37 2.2.3.1.2 Embedded Defining Clauses of Extension 38 2.2.3.1.3 Embedded Defining Clauses of Enhancement 38 2.2.3.1.4 Embedded Act Clauses 39 2.2.3.2 Embedded Fact Clauses 39 2.3 Cline 42 2.4 Cline in Clause Combining 46 2.5 A Sketch of Grammatical Metaphor 52 2.5.1 Ideational Metaphor and Interpersonal Metaphor 53 2.5.2 Textual Metaphor 54 2.6 Summary 55 References 56 Chapter 3: Research Design 59 3.1 Research Questions 59 3.2 Research Methods 60 3.3 Data Collection 61 3.4 Data Processing 63 References 64 Chapter 4: Genre Distributions of Clause Combining 66 4.1 Introduction 66 4.2 Crown Corpus-Based Research on Clause Combining 66 4.2.1 Overall Frequency Distribution 66 4.2.2 Genre Distribution of Overall Frequency 70 4.2.3 Genre Distribution of Logico-semantic Relations 71 4.2.3.1 Genre Distribution of Overall Frequency 71 4.2.3.2 Genre Distribution of Expansion 73 4.2.3.2.1 Genre Distribution of Elaboration 73 4.2.3.2.2 Genre Distribution of Extension 74 4.2.3.2.3 Genre Distribution of Enhancement 75 4.2.3.3 Genre Distribution of Projection 76 4.2.3.3.1 Genre Distributions of Reporting and Quoting 76 4.2.3.3.2 Genre Distribution of Projection Function 77 4.2.3.3.3 Genre Distribution of the Position of Projection 77 4.2.4 Genre Distribution of Embedding 78 4.2.5 Existing Questions 79 4.3 Research Based on the BNC and the COCA 79 4.3.1 Genre Distribution of Expansion 79 4.3.1.1 Genre Distribution of Elaboration 80 4.3.1.2 Genre Distribution of Extension 84 4.3.1.3 Genre Distribution of Enhancement 87 4.3.2 Genre Distribution of Projection 93 4.3.3 Genre Distribution of Embedding 103 4.4 Summary 108 References 109 Chapter 5: Diachronic Distribution of Clause Combining 110 5.1 Diachronic Distribution of Overall Frequency 110 5.2 Diachronic Distribution of Expansion 114 5.3 Diachronic Distribution of Projection 117 5.4 Diachronic Distribution of Embedding 120 5.5 Diachronic Distribution of Non-finite Clauses 123 5.5.1 Diachronic Distribution of Non-finite Clauses of Expansion 126 5.5.2 Diachronic Distribution of Non-finite Embedded Clauses 134 5.5.3 Diachronic Distribution of Personal Pronoun Subjects of Absolute Clauses 136 5.6 Summary 139 References 140 Chapter 6: Grammatical Metaphor in Clause Combining 141 6.1 Introduction 141 6.2 The Creation of Grammatical Metaphor 141 6.3 Types of Grammatical Metaphor in Clause Combining 143 6.3.1 Ideational Metaphor 144 6.3.2 Textual Metaphor 145 6.4 Diachronic Distribution of Grammatical Metaphor in Clause Combining 146 6.4.1 Diachronic Distribution of Experiential Metaphor 147 6.4.2 Diachronic Distribution of Logical Metaphor 162 6.4.3 Diachronic Distribution of Cohesive Metaphor 164 6.5 Genre Distribution of Grammatical Metaphor in Clause Combining 177 6.5.1 Genre Distribution of Experiential Metaphor 177 6.5.2 Genre Distribution of Logical Metaphor 181 6.5.3 Genre Distribution of Cohesive Metaphor 182 6.6 Summary 186 References 188 Chapter 7: Conclusion 190 7.1 Research Findings 190 7.2 Limitations and Suggestions 193 7.2.1 Limitations 194 7.2.2 Further Research 195 References 196 Appendices 198 Appendix 1: CLAWS 7 Tagset 198 Appendix 2: POS List 202 Appendix 3: Query Syntax 202 Appendix 4: Systems for Statistics (Figs. A1 and A2) 204 Appendix 5: Table of Corpus Data Statistics (Table A1) 206 Front Matter ....Pages i-xxi Introduction (Qingshun He)....Pages 1-9 A Systemic Functional Approach to Clause Combining in English (Qingshun He)....Pages 11-42 Research Design (Qingshun He)....Pages 43-49 Genre Distributions of Clause Combining (Qingshun He)....Pages 51-94 Diachronic Distribution of Clause Combining (Qingshun He)....Pages 95-125 Grammatical Metaphor in Clause Combining (Qingshun He)....Pages 127-175 Conclusion (Qingshun He)....Pages 177-184 Back Matter ....Pages 185-195