A Companion to the Early Modern Catholic Global Missions

A survey of the latest scholarship on Catholic missions between the 16th and 18th centuries, this collection of fourteen essays by historians from eight countries offers not only a global view of the organization, finances, personnel, and history of Catholic missions to the Americas, Africa, and Asia, but also the complex political, cultural, and religious contexts of the missionary fields. The conquests and colonization of the Americas presented a different stage for the drama of evangelization in contrast to that of Africa and Asia: the inhospitable landscape of Africa, the implacable Islamic societies of the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires, and the self-assured regimes of Ming-Qing China, Nguyen dynasty Vietnam, and Tokugawa Japan.Contributors are Tara Alberts, Mark Z. Christensen, Dominique Deslandres, R. Po-chia Hsia, Aliocha Maldavsky, Anne McGinness, Christoph Nebgen, Adina Ruiu, Alan Strathern, M. Antoni J. Üçerler, Fred Vermote, Guillermo Wilde, Christian Windler, and Ines Zupanov. A Companion to Early ModernCatholic Global Missions 3 Contents 5 Acknowledgement 7 Notes on Contributors 8 Introduction 11 The Americas 25 Missionizing Mexico: Ecclesiastics, Natives, and the Spread of Christianity 27 Conquering the Conquest 28 Europeans in Evangelization 32 Natives in Evangelization 37 An Evolving Evangelization 47 The Andes 51 Introduction 51 1. First Evangelization in the Central Andes (1532–1583) 54 2. Trent in the Andes 60 3. Missions in the Margins 64 4. Evangelizing Indigenous Languages 68 5. Andean Catholicism 72 Conclusion 75 Bibliography 76 The Missions of Paraguay: Rise, Expansion and Fall 83 Mission Ethnogenesis 90 The Missioned Societies 93 Shamans’ Power 95 Indios Letrados 97 Urban Structure and Daily Routine 100 Ruling Through Letters 104 The Final Phase 108 Conclusion 110 Early Modern Catholic Missions in Brazil: The Challenge of the Outsiders 112 4.1 Introduction 112 4.2 Background 112 4.3 Jesuit Missions 114 4.4 Historiography 117 4.5 Jesuit Support of Slavery and Violence Versus Jesuit Accommodation 118 4.6 Four European Powers and Their Challenge to Catholicism in Brazil 123 4.7 Atlantic and Global History and the Missions 128 4.8 Future Research 131 4.9 Conclusion 133 New France 134 5.1 Introduction 134 5.2 The State of Current Research and Desiderata for Future Directions of Research 135 5.3 History of the Missions in New France 136 5.4 The Missions, the Fusion of the People, and the Expansion of French Sovereignty 146 5.5 Women Missionaries and Missionized Women 151 5.6 Conclusion 156 Africa 159 Catholic Missions and Local Rulers in Sub-Saharan Africa 161 6.1 Introduction 161 6.2 The Catholic Kings of Kongo and its Surrounds 165 6.3 Angola: From Diplomacy to Force 173 6.4 Mutapa 178 6.5 The Bight of Benin 180 6.6 Sierra Leone to Senegal 183 6.7 Conclusion 186 Islamic World 189 Missionaries and French Subjects: The Jesuits in the Ottoman Empire 191 7.1 Introduction: From Crusade to Mission 191 7.2 Missionary Vocation 195 7.3 From Giulio Mancinelli to François De Canillac 201 7.4 France, Rome, and the Jesuits 205 7.5 The Conflict between Religious Orders 210 7.6 Conclusion 213 Ambiguous Belongings: How Catholic Missionaries in Persia and the Roman Curia Dealt with Communicatio in Sacris 215 8.1 Introduction 215 8.2 The Persia Mission in the Context of the Post-Tridentine Missions 220 8.3 The Local Practices of Piety 225 8.4 “Nihil Esse Respondendum:” Decision-Making Processes in the Roman Curia 233 8.5 The Truth Claim of the Roman Catholic Church and the Limits of Enforceability 239 Asia 245 South Asia 247 9.1 Introduction 247 9.2 Missionary Landscapes 247 9.3 Accommodation and Violence 254 9.4 Language and Translation Zones 257 9.5 A Quest for Missionary Method 265 9.6 The Apogee and End of Catholic Missionary Knowledge 269 9.7 Historiographical Renewal 276 Missions in Vietnam 279 10.1 Introduction 279 10.2 Forgotten Histories and Fantasies 285 10.2.1 The ‘Clérigo Agradecido’ 288 10.3 Practicalities: Missionaries as Commercial and Military Agents 296 10.4 Creating a “Vietnamese” Catholicism 302 10.5 Conclusion 311 The Christian Missions in Japan in the Early Modern Period 313 11.1 Introduction: Portugal’s Encounter with Japan 313 11.2 Francis Xavier and Foundations 315 11.3 Jesuits in the Capital & “Home Provinces” 318 11.4 The Mission in Kyushu 320 11.5 Alessandro Valignano and the Renewal of the Enterprise 321 11.6 The Establishment of Schools 324 11.7 The Tenshō Embassy to Europe 327 11.8 Printing & Painting 329 11.9 Changing Tides under Toyotomi Hideyoshi 330 11.10 The Arrival of the Mendicants & the Jesuit Monopoly 332 11.11 The Mission & Tokugawa Ieyasu 336 11.12 The Expulsion of the Missionaries 338 11.13 Life and Death under the Edo Shogunate 340 11.14 The End of the Mission 346 11.15 The “Underground Christians” 347 11.16 Conclusion 349 11.17 Postscript on Primary and Secondary Sources 350 Imperial China and the Christian Mission 354 12.1 Introduction 354 12.2 Sources 354 12.3 Historiography 357 12.4 Laying the Foundations 360 12.5 Science and Conversion in China 361 12.6 Converts 363 12.7 The Jesuit Mission: A Cross-Sectional View 363 12.8 Jesuit Writings in China 365 12.9 The Kangxi Emperor and the Jesuits 367 12.10 From Toleration to Prohibition 369 12.11 Christianity and Chinese Society 371 The Structures 375 Finances of the Missions 377 13.1 Introduction 377 13.2 State of the Field and Nature of the Sources 379 13.3 Jesuit Financial Administration 389 13.4 Sources of Income 393 13.5 Conclusion 410 Missionaries: Who were They 411 14.1 Introduction 411 14.2 The Model: Francis Xavier 412 14.3 The Political Conditions for the Central European Indipeta 414 14.4 Qualifications for the Missionary Candidate 419 14.5 Other Media for the Propagation of the Call 425 14.6 Theater 426 14.7 Songs about Missions 429 14.8 The Martyrology of Matthias Tanner 430 14.9 The Use of Matryrdom for Recruitment 431 14.10 Conclusion 433 Bibliography 435 Primary Sources 435 Secondary Sources 442 Index 487 Introduction -- The Americas -- Missionizing Mexico: Ecclesiastics, Natives, and the Spread of Christianity /Mark Christensen -- The Andes /Aliocha Maldavsky -- The Missions of Paraguay: Rise, Expansion and Fall /Guillermo Wilde -- Early Modern Catholic Missions in Brazil: The Challenge of the Outsiders /Anne McGinness -- New France1 /Dominique Deslandres -- Africa -- Catholic Missions and Local Rulers in Sub-Saharan Africa /Alan Strathern -- Islamic World -- Missionaries and French Subjects: The Jesuits in the Ottoman Empire /Adina Ruiu -- Ambiguous Belongings: How Catholic Missionaries in Persia and the Roman Curia Dealt with Communicatio in Sacris1 /Christian Windler -- Asia -- South Asia /Ines G. Županov -- Missions in Vietnam /Tara Alberts -- The Christian Missions in Japan in the Early Modern Period /M. Antoni and S.J. J. Ucerler -- Imperial China and the Christian Mission /R. Po-chia Hsia -- The Structures -- Finances of the Missions /Fred Vermote -- Missionaries: Who were They1 /Christoph Nebgen A survey of the latest scholarship on Catholic missions between the 16th and 18th centuries, this collection of fourteen essays by historians from eight countries offers not only a global view of the organization, finances, personnel, and history of Catholic missions to the Americas, Africa, and Asia, but also the complex political, cultural, and religious contexts of the missionary fields. The conquests and colonization of the Americas presented a different stage for the drama of evangelization in contrast to that of Africa and Asia: the inhospitable landscape of Africa, the implacable Islamic societies of the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires, and the self-assured regimes of Ming-Qing China, Nguyen dynasty Vietnam, and Tokugawa Japan. Contributors are Tara Alberts, Mark Z. Christensen, Dominique Deslandres, R. Po-chia Hsia, Aliocha Maldavsky, Anne McGinness, Christoph Nebgen, Adina Ruiu, Alan Strathern, M. Antoni J. Üçerler, Fred Vermote, Guillermo Wilde, Christian Windler, and Ines Zupanov