A Companion to Roma Aeterna: Based on Hans Ørberg's Instructions, with Vocabulary and Grammar (Lingua Latina) (Latin Edition)

A sequel to her widely used *A Companion* to Familia Romana (now in its second edition), Jeanne Marie Neumann's *A Companion* to Roma Aeterna offers a running commentary, in English, of the Latin grammar covered in Hans H. Ørberg's *Roma Aeterna* , and includes the complete text of the Ørberg ancillaries *Grammatica Latina and Latin–English Vocabulary II*. It also serves as a substitute for Ørberg’s Instructions, on which it is based. Though designed especially for those approaching *Roma Aeterna* at an accelerated pace, this volume will be useful to anyone seeking an explicit exposition of that volume's implicitly presented grammar. In addition to many revisions of the text, *A Companion* to Roma Aeterna also includes new units on cultural context, tied to the narrative content of the chapter. ** Front Cover 1 Title 4 Copyright 5 Contents 6 Introduction 22 Overview of Rōma Aeterna 22 Key Foundations of the Rōma Aeterna Text 23 The Companion 24 Pacing for Rōma Aeterna 26 Using Rōma Aeterna for Review 27 Abridging Rōma Aeterna 28 Partitioning the Book and Thematic Readings 31 To the Student: Reading Long sentences 34 Style 36 Stylistic Analysis of Latin Prose: A Checklist 39 PARS PRIMA 44 XXXVI: TRICESIMVM SEXTVM: RŌMA AETERNA 44 I. Rēs Grammaticae Novae: New Syntax 44 Subordinate Clauses in Indirect Discourse 44 Dative of Purpose (datīvus fīnālis) 45 II. Rēs Grammaticae Fūsius Explicātae: Expansion and Refinement of Syntax Introduced Elsewhere 46 Gerund/Gerundive 46 Dīcitur and nārrātur with Nominative + Infinitive Perfect 47 Ablative of Place 48 Ablative of Separation (ablātīvus sēparātiōnis) 48 Comparison of Adjectives 49 III. Dēmonstrātiō Verbōrum: Explanation of Words and Phrases at the Lexical Level 49 Vēnīre, vēndĕre || perīre, perdĕre 49 Fierī potest 50 1st Declension Dative/Ablative in -ābus 50 Summus, medius, infimus 50 IV. Recēnsiō: Review Material 51 Genitive of Description (genetīvus quālitātis) 51 Ut Clauses 52 Meter 53 V. Points of Style: Information about the Language of the Author under Consideration 53 Accumulation of Genitives 53 XXXVII: TRICESIMVM SEPTIMVM: TROIA CAPTA (Vergil) 54 I. Rēs Grammaticae Novae 54 Historical Present 54 Origin (ablātīvus origīnis) 55 Origin (ablātīvus causālis) 55 II. Rēs Grammaticae Fūsius Explicātae 55 Temporal Conjunctions 55 Dum 55 Ubi 56 Ut 56 Priusquam and antequam 57 Cum 57 Noun Clauses of Result 59 Alternate 2nd Person Singular Ending -re = -ris 59 Greek Names 61 Dative with Compound Verbs 61 Dative of Interest/Reference 62 III. Dēmonstrātiō Verbōrum: Explanation of Words 63 Iuvāre 63 Verbs Formed from the Adjective plēnus 63 Poenās dare 63 Fās 64 Dative with the Impersonal certum 64 IV. Recēnsiō 64 Dative with Adjectives 64 Summary of Temporal Conjunctions 65 Alter...alter and alius...alius 65 Indirect Commands 66 V. Points of Style 67 XXXVIII: DVODEQVADRAGESIMVM: PIVS AENEAS (Vergil) 68 II. Rēs Grammaticae Fūsius Explicātae 68 Reflexive Pronouns in Indirect Questions 68 Dative of Separation/Disadvantage 68 III. Dēmonstrātiō Verbōrum 69 Verbs That Take an Ablative of Means 69 Praestāre 70 Verbal Nouns 70 Greek Names in Latin 71 Prōnōmen -cumque 72 Prōnōmen -met 72 Adjectives with the Genitive 72 Certiōrem facere/certiōr fierī 73 XXXIX: VNDEQVADRAGESIMVM: KARTHAGO (Vergil) 74 I. Rēs Grammaticae Novae 74 Relative Clauses with the Subjunctive (To Be Continued in Further Chapters) 74 Relative Clauses of Purpose: Quī = ut is 74 Relative Causal Clauses: Quī = cum is 75 Descriptive Relative Clauses 75 Ut as an Interrogative Adverb 76 II. Rēs Grammaticae Fūsius Explicātae 76 Wishes 76 Accusative of Exclamation 77 Ablative of Respect 78 Ablative of Comparison 78 III. Dēmonstrātiō Verbōrum 79 Obviam īre 79 Ablative with comitātus 79 XL: QVADRAGESIMVM: INFELIX DIDO (Vergil) 80 II. Rēs Grammaticae Fūsius Explicātae 80 Impersonal Passive of Intransitive Verbs 80 Impersonal Verbs 81 Dubitāre (nōn dubitō quīn) 82 Posse 83 Wishes 84 Personal Pronouns: Genitives 84 Quīn 85 Dum + the Subjunctive 86 III. Dēmonstrātiō Verbōrum 86 Compounds of stāre 86 IV. Recēnsiō 86 Locative 86 Interrogative Pronouns in Exclamations 87 V. Points of Style 88 Understanding Participles 88 XLI: VNVM ET QVADRAGESIMVM: ORIGINES (Livy) 89 I. Rēs Grammaticae Novae 89 Potential Subjunctive (Negative: nōn) 89 Indefinite Potential Subjunctive 89 II. Rēs Grammaticae Fūsius Explicātae 90 Subjunctive in Conditions 90 III. Dēmonstrātiō Verbōrum 90 Cōnstat (Impersonal) 90 Convenit (Impersonal) 91 4th Declension Verbal Nouns (Continued) 91 IV. Recēnsiō: Uses of the Subjunctive 92 In Independent Clauses 92 Rhetorical Questions 93 Summary of Conditions 93 Conditions in ōrātiō oblīqua (Indirect Discourse) 95 Examples 95 V. Points of Style 97 Variātiō (Variation of Expression) 97 XLII: ALTERVM ET QVADRAGESIMVM: BELLVM ET PAX (Livy) 97 II. Rēs Grammaticae Fūsius Explicātae 98 Implied Indirect Discourse/Subjunctive of Reported Reason 98 Descriptive Relative Clauses (Continued from Cap. XXXIX) 98 Priusquam/antequam with Subjunctive 99 III. Dēmonstrātiō Verbōrum 100 Indefinite Pronouns 100 Cum...tum 101 IV: Recēnsiō 101 Result vs. Purpose 101 A Note on Sequence of Tense in Result Clauses 102 Summary of Expressions of Purpose 103 V. Points of Style 105 Perfect Tense 3rd Person Plural 105 -um = -ōrum 105 Perfect Participles 106 Uti/utī for ut 107 XLIII: QVADRAGESIMVM TERTIVM: ROMA ET ALBA (Livy) 108 II. Rēs Grammaticae Fūsius Explicātae: 108 Posse, oportēre, dēbēre 108 Fore/forem (esse) 108 Conditions in Ōrātiō oblīqua 109 Sequence of Tense 109 Ablative of Degree of Difference 110 Pronoun Change from Direct to Indirect Discourse 111 III. Dēmonstrātiō Verbōrum 112 Superlatives in -limus, -a, -um 112 Uter, uterque 112 Utrimque 113 Velut 113 Rēs repetere 113 IV. Points of Style 114 Variātiō 114 XLIV: QVADRAGESIMVM QVARTVM: REGES ET REGINAE (Livy) 115 I. Rēs Grammaticae Novae 115 Historical Infinitive 115 II. Rēs Grammaticae Fūsius Explicātae 117 Omission of esse 117 Partitive Genitive with Neuter Pronoun 117 Dative by Attraction 117 Locative/Ablative of Plural Place Names 118 III. Dēmonstrātiō Verbōrum 118 Quam prīmum 118 Ferre 118 IV. Recēnsiō 119 Ablative Absolute 119 Impersonal Passive (Cap. XL): Examples 119 XLV: QVADRAGESIMVM QVINTVM:ROMA LIBERATA (Livy) 120 II. Rēs Grammaticae Fūsius Explicātae 120 Gerund/Gerundive 120 Supine 121 Futūrum esse ut/fore ut 122 III. Dēmonstrātiō Verbōrum 122 Opus est + ablative 122 Difficulter 122 IV. Recēnsiō 123 Historical Infinitive (Cap. XLIV): Examples 123 Ablative Absolute: Examples 123 Adjectives with Genitive: Examples 124 XLVI: QVADRAGESIMVM SEXTVM:POST REGES EXACTOS (Eutropius) 125 I. Rēs Grammaticae Novae 125 Genitive of the Charge 125 II. Rēs Grammaticae Fūsius Explicātae 125 Indicative in Contrafactual Conditions 125 V. Points of Style 127 Indirect Commands: Resolutions of the Senate 127 The Language of Eutropius 127 Tamquam/quasī 127 Perfect/Pluperfect Passive 127 Gerundive for Future Passive Infinitive 128 XLVII: QVADRAGESIMVM SEPTIMVM:GRAECI ET ROMANI (Aulus Gellius) 130 III. Dēmonstrātiō Verbōrum 130 Impersonal cōnstat 130 Idioms 130 Libra/pondus 131 Comparative: “Too” 131 V. Points of Style 131 Gerund/Gerundive: Archaic Spelling 131 Ablative: Examples 132 Euphemisms 133 Variātiō 133 XLVIII: DVODEQVINQVAGESIMVM:BELLVM PVNICVM SECVNDVM (Livy) 134 I. Rēs Grammaticae Novae 134 Clauses of Hindering 134 II. Rēs Grammaticae Fūsius Explicātae 134 Potential Subjunctive (Negative, nōn) 134 Relative Comparative Clauses 136 IV. Recēnsiō 136 Fear Clauses 136 V. Points of Style 137 Technical Vocabulary: Referre, cēnsēre, sententia, senātūs cōnsultum 137 Note on Style 137 XLIX: VNDEQVINQVAGESIMVM:HANNIBAL (Nepos) 138 II. Rēs Grammaticae Fūsius Explicātae 138 Quō + Comparative + Subjunctive: Relative Purpose Clause 138 Syncopated Forms 138 III. Dēmonstrātiō Verbōrum 139 Dōnum/dōnāre/dōnō dare 139 Operam dare 139 L: QVINQVAGESIMVM:GRAECIA LIBERATA (Livy) 141 II. Rēs Grammaticae Fūsius Explicātae 141 Genitive of Possession: Characteristic 141 LI: VNVM ET QVINQVAGESIMVM:SCIPIO AEMILIANVS (Livy/Sallust) 142 III. Dēmonstrātiō Verbōrum 142 Dē vocābulīs faciendīs 142 V. Points of Style 143 LII: ALTERVM ET QVINQVAGESIMVM: IVGVRTHA (Sallust) 144 III. Dēmonstrātiō Verbōrum 144 Potīrī 144 Impersonal rēferre 144 Dē vocābulīs faciendīs 145 IV. Recēnsiō 145 Quam + Superlative: Examples 145 V. Points of Style 145 Features of Sallust’s Latin 145 LIII: QVINQVAGESIMVM TERTIVM:MARIVS ET SVLLA (Evtropivs/Cicero) 147 II. Rēs Grammaticae Fūsius Explicātae 147 Locative Ablative 147 III. Dēmonstrātiō Verbōrum 147 Nouns in -ennium 147 Nouns in -duum 148 Numerical Adverbs 149 LIV: QVINQVAGESIMVM QVARTVM:CN. POMPEIVS MAGNVS (Cicero) 150 I. Rēs Grammaticae Novae 150 Heteroclitic Nouns 150 II. Rēs Grammaticae Fūsius Explicātae 151 Rhetorical Questions 151 III. Dēmonstrātiō Verbōrum 151 Agitur dē, rēs agitur 151 Extrēmus 151 Cōnsulere + Dative 151 LV: QVINQVAGESIMVM QVINTVM: DE RE PVBLICA (Cicero) 152 II. Rēs Grammaticae Fūsius Explicātae 152 Velle + Subjunctive 152 Oportēre, necesse est + Subjunctive 152 Ethical Dative 153 III. Dēmonstrātiō Verbōrum 153 Semi-deponents 153 LVI: QVINQVAGESIMVM SEXTVM: SOMNIVM SCIPIONIS (Cicero/Horace) 154 I. Rēs Grammaticae Novae 154 Epexegetical Genitive 154 III. Dēmonstrātiō Verbōrum 154 Quaesō 154 Impersonal Verb Interest 155 V. Points of Style 155 Neuter for Adverb 155 PARS ALTERA 156 XXXVI: TRICESIMVM SEXTVM: ROMA AETERNA 156 I. Ørberg’s Introduction 156 II. Auxilia Legendī 157 Palātium et Capitōlium: 1–57 157 Forum Rōmānum: 58–184 158 Urbs marmorea: 185–263 159 Urbis incendium et domus aurea Nerōnis: 264–295 159 Imperātōrēs Flāviī: 296–320 159 Trāiānus et Hadriānus: 321–352 159 Orbis caput: 353–370 159 III. Vocābula 160 XXXVII: TRICESIMVM SEPTIMVM: TROIA CAPTA (Vergil) 165 I. Ørberg’s Introduction 165 II. Auxilia Legendī 166 Aborīginēs: 1–19 166 Equus Trōiānus: 20–88 166 Somnium Aenēae: 89–124 167 Priamus: 125–180 167 Anchīsēs: 181–240 168 Creūsa: 241–285 168 III. Vocābula 169 XXXVIII: DVODEQVADRAGESIMVM: PIVS AENEAS (Vergil) 174 I. Ørberg’s Introduction 174 II. Auxilia Legendī 174 Penātēs: 1–47 174 Mare Īonium: 48–74 175 Andromachē et Helenus: 75–129 175 Mōns Aetna: 130–213 176 III. Vocābula 176 XXXIX: VNDEQVADRAGESIMVM: KARTHAGO (Vergil) 180 I. Ørberg’s Introduction 180 II. Auxilia Legendī 181 Iūnō: 1–26 181 Tempestās: 27–90 181 Venus genetrīx: 91–156 182 Dīdō rēgīna: 157–268 183 Cupīdō: 269–316 184 III. Vocābula 185 XL: QVADRAGESIMVM: INFELIX DIDO (Vergil) 190 I. Ørberg’s Introduction 190 II. Auxilia Legendī 191 Flamma amōris: 1–45 191 Fāma vēlōx: 46–69 192 Nūntius deōrum: 70–164 192 Rogus Dīdōnis: 165–268 193 Excerpta Aenēidis: 269–299 194 III. Vocābula 195 XLI: VNVM ET QVADRAGESIMVM: ORIGINES (Livy) 199 I. Ørberg’s Introduction 199 II. Auxilia Legendī 200 Trōiānī et Latīnī: 1–48 200 Alba condita: 49–68 201 Rōmulus et Remus: 69–137 201 Rōma condita: 138–157 202 Sacra Herculis īnstitūta: 158–196 202 Gemellī expositī: 197–231 203 III. Vocābula 204 XLI: VNVM ET QVADRAGESIMVM: ORIGINES (Livy) 199 I. Ørberg’s Introduction 199 II. Auxilia Legendī 200 Trōiānī et Latīnī: 1–48 200 Alba condita: 49–68 201 Rōmulus et Remus: 69–137 201 Rōma condita: 138–157 202 Sacra Herculis īnstitūta: 158–196 202 Gemellī expositī: 197–231 203 III. Vocābula 204 XLII: ALTERVM ET QVADRAGESIMVM: BELLVM ET PAX (Livy) 208 I. Ørberg’s Introduction 208 II. Auxilia Legendī 209 Fascēs et secūrēs: insignia imperiī: 1–19 209 Sabīnae raptae: 20–55 209 Spolia opīma: 56–97 210 Bellum Sabīnum: 98–173 210 Fidēnātēs et Vēientēs victī: 174–220 211 Rōmulus cōnsecrātus: 221–253 212 Interrēgnum: 254–280 213 Numa Pompilius rēx: 281–353 213 Rapina Sabīnārum: 354–377 214 Mulierēs pācem faciunt: 378–393 214 III. Vocābula 215 XLIII: QVADRAGESIMVM TERTIVM: ROMA ET ALBA (Livy) 221 I. Ørberg’s Introduction 221 II. Auxilia Legendī 222 Albānīs bellum indictum: 1–40 222 Trigeminōrum pugna: 41–121 223 Amor immātūrus: 122–181 224 Mettiī perfidia ac supplicium: 182–265 224 Alba dīruta: 266–298 225 Sabīnī dēvictī: 299–318 226 Tullus fulmine ictus: 319–335 226 Causa Horātiī: 336–358 227 III. Vocābula 227 XLIV: QVADRAGESIMVM QVARTVM:REGES ET REGINAE (Livy) 232 I. Ørberg’s Introduction 232 II. Auxilia Legendī 234 Iūs fētiāle: 1–90 234 Lucumō et Tanaquīl: 91–139 235 L. Tarquinius Prīscus rēx: 140–223 236 Iuvenis indolis rēgiae: 224–246 238 Servius Tullius rēx factus: 247–306 238 Cēnsus īnstitūtus: 307–357 239 Tullia ferōx: 358–451 240 Fīlia Impia (Ovidius: Fāstī. Ex librō VI): 452–473 241 III. Vocābula 241 XLV: QVADRAGESIMVM QVINTVM: ROMA LIBERATA (Livy) 247 I. Ørberg’s Introduction 247 II. Auxilia Legendī 248 Tarquinius Superbus: 1–25 248 Turnus Herdōnius: 26–89 249 Gabiī dolō captī: 90–167 250 Respōnsum ōrāculī: 168–195 252 Uxor castissima: 196–228 253 Lucrētia violāta: 229–273 254 Rēgēs exāctī: 274–343 255 Hostis prō hospite (Ovidius: Fāstī. Ex librō II versūs 785–852):345–413 256 III. Vocābula 257 XLVI: QVADRAGESIMVM SEXTVM: POST REGES EXACTOS (Evtropivs) 262 I. Ørberg’s Introduction 262 II. Auxilia Legendī 265 Consuls et dictātōrēs: 1–123 265 Post urbem captam: 124–180 267 Samnītēs: 181–214 268 Pyrrhus: 215–305 269 Bellum Pūnicum prīmum: 306–430 270 Iānus iterum clausus: 431–473 270 Spolia Opima Tertia (Aenēis VI.855–856): 475–477 270 III. Vocābula 271 XLVII: QVADRAGESIMVM SEPTIMVM: GRAECI ET ROMANI (Avlvs Gellivs) 275 I. Ørberg’s Introduction 275 II. Auxilia Legendī 276 Graeci et Rōmānī (Ex Aulī Gelliī ‘Noctium Atticārum’ librō XVII capitulum XXI): 1–165 276 Librī Sibyllīnī (Ex Aulī Gelliī ‘Noctium Atticārum’ librō I capitulum XIX): 166–193 278 Dē iūre iūrandō (Ex Aulī Gelliī ‘Noctium Atticārum’ librō XI capitulum VI): 194–206 278 III. Vocābula 279 XLVIII: DVODEQVINQVAGESIMVM: BELLVM PVNICVM SECVNDVM (Livy) 282 I. Ørberg’s Introduction 282 II. Auxilia Legendī 283 Iūs iūrandum Hannibalis [Ex librō XXI]: 1–90 283 Saguntum exscissum: 91–218 285 Bellum Carthāginiēnsibus indictum: 219–253 287 Iter Hannibalis in Italiam: 254–271 287 Lacus Trasumennus [Ex periochā librī XXII et ex librō XXII]: 272–388 287 Q. Fabius Māximus Cūnctātor [Ex periochā librī XXII]: 389–406 290 Cannae [Ex Eutropiī Breviāriī librō III et ex Līviō librō XXII]:407–592 290 Māgō nūntius victōriae [Ex librō XXIII]: 593–681 294 Mārcellus et Scīpiō [Ex Periochā librōrum XXIII–XXX]: 682–777 295 Reditus Hannibalis atque clādēs [Ex librō et Periochā librī XXX]:778–865 296 III. Vocābula 298 XLIX: VNDEQVINQVAGESIMVM: HANNIBAL (Nepos) 305 I. Ørberg’s Introduction 305 II. Auxilia Legendī 306 Hannibal, Hanilaris fīlius, Karthāginiēnis: 1–255 306 Scīpiō et Hannibal [Ex T. Līviī librī XXXV Periochā]: 256–275 311 III. Vocābula 312 L: QVINQVAGESIMVM: GRAECIA LIBERATA (Livy) 316 I. Ørberg’s Introduction 316 II. Auxilia Legendī 318 Philippus [Ex librīs et periochā librōrum XXXI–XXXIV]: 1–97 318 Triumphus Flāminīnī [Ex librō XXXIV]: 98–128 320 Antiochus [Ex librīs et periochā librōrum XXXV–XXXVIII]: 129–275 320 Perseus victus [Ex librīs et periochā librōrum XL–XLV]: 276–383 323 Perseus captus [Ex librō XLV]: 384–506 326 Macedonia prōvincia [Ex librō XLV]: 507–601 329 Fortūna pūblica et prīvāta [Ex librīs et periochā librōrum XLV]:602–676 331 Graecia Capta [Q. Horātius Flaccus: Epistulae II.1.156–157]: 677–680 332 III. Vocābula 332 LI: VNVM ET QVINQVAGESIMVM: SCIPIO AEMILIANVS (Livy/Sallust) 337 I. Ørberg’s Introduction 337 II. Auxilia Legendī 339 Bellum Pūnicum tertium: 1–118 339 Bellum Achāicum: 119–138 341 Hispānia pācāta: 139–215 341 Gracchī et lēgēs agrāriae: 216–279 343 Cīvitas Dīlacerāta [Ex C. Sallustiī Crispī ‘Bellō Iugurthīnō’]: 280–326 344 III. Vocābula 345 LII: ALTERVM ET QVINQVAGESIMVM: IVGVRTHA (Sallust) 349 I. Ørberg’s Introduction 349 II. Auxilia Legendī 350 III. Vocābula 362 LIII: CAPITVLVM QVINQVAGESIMVM TERTIVM: MARIVS ET SVLLA 367 I. Ørberg’s Introduction 367 II. Auxilia Legendī 368 Bellum Cimbricum: 1–28 368 Bellum sociāle: 29–48 368 Bellum Mithridāticum prīmum: 49–104 368 Bellum cīvīle: 105–152 369 Sertōrius: 153–187 369 Bellum Mithridāticum tertium: 188–275 369 M. Tullius Cicerō [Ex M. Tulliī Cicerōnis ‘Brūtō’ sīve ‘Dē clārīsōrātōribus’]: 276–412 370 III. Vocābula 372 LIV: QVINQVAGESIMVM QVARTVM: CN. POMPEIVS MAGNVS (Cicero) 376 I. Ørberg’s Introduction 376 II. Auxilia Legendī 377 Quirītēs! 1–19 377 Dē genere bellī: 20–178 378 Dē magnitūdine bellī: 179–272 382 Dē imperātōre dēligendō: 273–536 383 Finis Mithridatis [Ex T. Liviī librōrum C–CIII Periochīs]: 537–569 388 Finis Pompēiī [Ex Eutropiī Breviāriī librō VI]: 570–617 388 III. Vocābula 389 LV: QVINQVAGESIMVM QVINTVM: DE RE PVBLICA (Cicero) 394 I. Ørberg’s Introduction 394 II. Auxilia Legendī 395 Persōnae: 1–10 395 Fēriae Latīnae (from Book I): 11–156 396 Dē tribus rērum pūblicārum generibus: 157–242 399 Dē vetere rē pūblicā Rōmānā (from Book II): 243–471 400 III. Vocābula 405 LVI: QVINQVAGESIMVM SEXTVM: SOMNIVM SCIPIONIS (Cicero/Horace) 410 I. Ørberg’s Introduction 410 II. Auxilia Legendī 411 Masinissa senex: 1–19 411 Fātōrum via: 20–60 411 Mors et vīta: 61–113 412 Cursūs stēllārum: 114–139 413 Cantus sphaerārum: 140–170 413 Angustiae terrārum: 171–231 414 Dē glōriā aeternā et animō immortālī: 232–298 415 Integer Vītae: 299–325 417 III. Vocābula 418 Latin–English Vocabulary 422 Grammatica Latina 464 Index 502 Back cover 507