A Companion to Nazi Germany (Wiley Blackwell Companions to World History)

**A Deep Exploration of the Rise, Reign, and Legacy of the Third Reich** For its brief existence, National Socialist Germany was one of the most destructive regimes in the history of humankind. Since that time, scholarly debate about its causes has volleyed continuously between the effects of political and military decisions, pathological development, or modernity gone awry. Was terror the defining force of rule, or was popular consent critical to sustaining the movement? Were the German people sympathetic to Nazi ideology, or were they radicalized by social manipulation and powerful propaganda? Was the “Final Solution” the motivation for the Third Reich’s rise to power, or simply the outcome? __A Companion to Nazi Germany__ addresses these crucial questions with historical insight from the Nazi Party’s emergence in the 1920s through its postwar repercussions. From the theory and context that gave rise to the movement, through its structural, cultural, economic, and social impacts, to the era’s lasting legacy, this book offers an in-depth examination of modern history’s most infamous reign. * Assesses the historiography of Nazism and the prehistory of the regime * Provides deep insight into labor, education, research, and home life amidst the Third Reich’s ideological imperatives * Describes how the Third Reich affected business, the economy, and the culture, including sports, entertainment, and religion * Delves into the social militarization in the lead-up to war, and examines the social and historical complexities that allowed genocide to take place * Shows how modern-day Germany confronts and deals with its recent history Today’s political climate highlights the critical need to understand how radical nationalist movements gain an audience, then followers, then power. While historical analogy can be a faulty basis for analyzing current events, there is no doubt that examining the parallels can lead to some important questions about the present. Exploring key motivations, environments, and cause and effect, this book provides essential perspective as radical nationalist movements have once again reemerged in many parts of the world. A Deep Exploration Of The Rise, Reign, And Legacy Of The Third Reich For Its Brief Existence, National Socialist Germany Was One Of The Most Destructive Regimes In The History Of Humankind. Since That Time, Scholarly Debate About Its Causes Has Volleyed Continuously Between The Effects Of Political And Military Decisions, Pathological Development, Or Modernity Gone Awry. Was Terror The Defining Force Of Rule, Or Was Popular Consent Critical To Sustaining The Movement? Were The German People Sympathetic To Nazi Ideology, Or Were They Radicalized By Social Manipulation And Powerful Propaganda? Was The Final Solution The Motivation For The Third Reichs Rise To Power, Or Simply The Outcome? A Companion To Nazi Germany Addresses These Crucial Questions With Historical Insight From The Nazi Partys Emergence In The 1920s Through Its Postwar Repercussions. From The Theory And Context That Gave Rise To The Movement, Through Its Structural, Cultural, Economic, And Social Impacts, To The Eras Lasting Legacy, This Book Offers An In-depth Examination Of Modern Historys Most Infamous Reign. Assesses The Historiography Of Nazism And The Prehistory Of The Regime Provides Deep Insight Into Labor, Education, Research, And Home Life Amidst The Third Reichs Ideological Imperatives Describes How The Third Reich Affected Business, The Economy, And The Culture, Including Sports, Entertainment, And Religion Delves Into The Social Militarization In The Lead-up To War, And Examines The Social And Historical Complexities That Allowed Genocide To Take Place Shows How Modern-day Germany Confronts And Deals With Its Recent History Todays Political Climate Highlights The Critical Need To Understand How Radical Nationalist Movements Gain An Audience, Then Followers, Then Power. While Historical Analogy Can Be A Faulty Basis For Analyzing Current Events, There Is No Doubt That Examining The Parallels Can Lead To Some Important Questions About The Present. Exploring Key Motivations, Environments , And Cause And Effect, This Book Provides Essential Perspective As Radical Nationalist Movements Have Once Again Reemerged In Many Parts Of The World.-- Edited By Shelley Baranowski, Armin Nolzen, And Claus-christian W. Szejnmann. A Deep Exploration Of The Rise, Reign, And Legacy Of The Third Reich-- Provided By Publisher. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Notes on Contributors -- Introduction -- Part I Theories, Background, and Contexts -- Chapter 1 How Do We Explain the Rise of Nazism?: Theory and Historiography -- Notes -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 2 Organic Modernity:: National Socialism as Alternative Modernism -- 2.1 Reactionary Aspects -- 2.2 Modern Dimensions -- 2.3 Biological Politics -- 2.4 The Organic Alternative -- References -- Chapter 3 The First World War and National Socialism -- 3.1 Radical Nationalism and Antisemitism Through War and Defeat -- 3.2 Brutalization: Violence as a Legacy of the Great War -- 3.3 Mythologies of the War Experience -- 3.4 Conclusion -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 4 The Collapse of the Weimar Parliamentary System -- 4.1 The Irony of German Weakness: The Defeat of Putschism, and American Economic Intervention -- 4.2 Fragmentation and Radicalization on the Right -- 4.3 Why the Nazis? -- 4.4 Conclusion -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 5 National Socialist Ideology -- 5.1 Historiography -- 5.2 Nazi Ideology 'from below' -- 5.3 Was There a Core Set of Beliefs? -- 5.4 Towards a Social and Cultural History of Nazi ideology -- 5.5 Conclusions -- References -- Further Reading -- Part II Structures of Nazi Rule -- Chapter 6 The NSDAP After 1933: Members, Positions, Technologies, Interactions -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Membership Growth, Means of Motivation -- 6.3 Positions, Functionaries -- 6.4 Technologies, Decision Programmes -- 6.5 Interactions, Issues -- 6.6 Conclusion -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 7 Work(ers) Under the Swastika -- 7.1 Destruction, Integration, and Resistance: Labour in Germany, 1933-1945 -- 7.2 Scholarship on Organized Labour, the Demise of the Weimar Republic, and National Socialism since 1945 -- 7.3 Conclusion -- References 13.3 Practising Moralities -- 13.4 Conclusion -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 14 The German Home Front Under the Bombs -- 14.1 Life and Work on the Home Front -- 14.2 The Home Front and the War -- 14.3 Bombing and the Home Front -- 14.4 The Hard Logic of Total War -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 15 Total Defeat: War, Society, and Violence in the Last Year of National Socialism -- 15.1 Military Setbacks -- 15.2 Nazi Rule and Internal Crises -- 15.3 Total War and the Volksgemeinschaft -- 15.4 Nazi Violence -- 15.5 The Impact of Defeat -- References -- Further Reading -- Part III Economy and Culture -- Chapter 16 The Nazi Economy -- 16.1 Imperialism -- 16.2 Crises -- 16.3 Capitalism under the Nazis -- 16.4 'Aryanization' -- 16.5 The Second World War and the Legacy of the Third Reich -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 17 National Socialism and German Business -- 17.1 Historiography -- 17.2 Neither Theory nor Blueprint -- 17.3 Winning over Business -- 17.4 The Politics of Regulation -- 17.5 Recovery and Rearmament -- 17.6 War -- 17.7 Conclusion -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 18 Individual Consumers and Consumption in Nazi Germany -- 18.1 The Nazi Party and State-Sanctioned Consumption -- 18.2 Individual Consumers, the Private Sector, and the Four Year Plan -- 18.3 The War Years -- References -- Chapter 19 Gender -- 19.1 Convergence and Difference: Gender, Exclusion, and Persecution after 1933 -- 19.2 Sworn Comrades: the Gender Order and Nazi Activism -- 19.3 'Boundless Expansion' and Boundaries of Gender and Race: Conquest, Genocide, and Forced Labour -- 19.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 20 Religion -- 20.1 Introduction -- 20.2 Protestants: Battle Between Brothers in Their Own House -- 20.3 Catholics -- 20.4 Christian Solidarity with Persecuted Jews? -- 20.5 Small Religious Bodies Further Reading -- Chapter 8 Resistance -- 8.1 Widerstand - An Ambiguous Term and Concept with Different Meanings -- 8.2 Periods and Types of Resistance in Nazi Germany -- 8.3 The Wide Range of Resistance and Nonconformity in Nazi Germany: Organizations, Social Milieus, and Individuals -- 8.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9 Centre and Periphery -- 9.1 Towards a Centralized Dictatorship -- 9.2 The Formation of New Regional Authorities -- 9.3 The Nazi Political System Under Pressure of War -- 9.4 Conclusions -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 10 Information Policies and Linguistic Violence -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Structures and Forms of Nazi Information Policies and Linguistic Violence, 1933-1939 -- 10.3 A Case Study in Nazi Information Policies and Linguistic Violence: The 1938 November Pogroms -- 10.4 Nazi Information Policies at War, 1939-1945 -- 10.5 Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 11 Education, Schooling, and Camps -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Continuities with Earlier Ideas and the Nazi Approach -- 11.3 Exclusion and Positive Inclusion in Nazi Education -- 11.4 The Pivotal Function of Camps -- 11.5 Actors and Their Room for Manoeuvre -- 11.6 Organizing Nazi Education -- 11.7 'Total' Pretence Versus Practice on the Ground -- 11.8 Embracing the Nazi Agenda -- 11.9 Long-term Effects -- Acknowledgements -- Notes -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 12 Research and Scholarship -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 The German Science and Research Landscape in 1932-1933 -- 12.3 Research and Science -- 12.4 Expansion -- 12.5 Cleansing German Scholarship -- 12.6 Scholars and Nazism -- 12.7 Scholarship: Changes after 1933 -- 12.8 Scholarship and Nazi Crimes -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 13 Nazi Morality -- 13.1 Historicizing Morality -- 13.2 Building the Nazi Morality 26.4 Institutionalizing Terror, 1934 to 1937/1938 -- 26.5 Military Expansion and the Escalation of Terror -- 26.6 From Individual Terror to Mass Murder -- 26.7 The Fateful Year 1941 and the War against the Soviet Union -- 26.8 Terror after the Military Defeat in Stalingrad, 1942-1943 -- 26.9 Conclusion -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 27 Flight and Exile -- 27.1 Current Scholarship -- 27.2 European Diasporas and 'Homecomings' after the First World War -- 27.3 Nazi-era Refugee Movement before the Second World War -- 27.4 Destination Palestine -- 27.5 From the November Pogrom Through the War Years -- 27.6 The Challenges of Émigré Life -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 28 Germany and the Outside World -- 28.1 Introduction -- 28.2 'Seizure of Power': Reactions -- 28.3 'Peace Politics' and Rearmament -- 28.4 Strategies and Treaties -- 28.5 The Personnel of Foreign Policy: Structure and Development -- 28.6 Expansion and War Preparations -- Notes -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 29 Social Militarization and Preparation for War, 1933-1939 -- 29.1 Introduction -- 29.2 The Military as the Driving Force for Militarization in the Nazi State -- 29.3 The NSDAP and Its Organizations as Militarization Agencies -- 29.4 Image of War -- 29.5 Summary -- Note -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 30 Race -- 30.1 Introduction -- 30.2 New Frontiers? International Race Theories and Racial Policies -- 30.3 Race Theories: Scientific and Popular Racism since the Nineteenth Century -- 30.4 Everyday Life: Assessing the Social Through Biological Categories -- 30.5 Racial Policies: Euthanasia, Ethnic Cleansing, Holocaust -- 30.6 Conclusion: An Extremely Racist Society -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 31 Unfree and Forced Labour -- 31.1 Forced Labour Until 1933: German Practices and International Debates 20.6 'German Believers' and 'Believers in God' -- 20.7 The Nazi Regime - a 'Political Religion'? -- 20.8 Religious Historical Changes During the War, 1939-1945 -- 20.9 Conclusion -- Note -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 21 Family and Private Life -- 21.1 The Family in the Weimar Republic -- 21.2 Nazi Family Policies -- 21.3 The Hilfswerk 'Mutter und Kind' -- 21.4 'Inferior' Families -- 21.5 The Impact of the Second World War on Family Life -- 21.6 Private Life -- 21.7 Conclusion -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 22 Sports -- 22.1 Introduction: Sports and Volksgemeinschaft -- 22.2 The Concept of the Human -- 22.3 Forming the Body -- 22.4 Bodily Experience and 'Racial Identity' -- 22.5 Antisemitism -- 22.6 Education -- 22.7 Organized Popular Sports -- 22.8 Work and Leisure -- 22.9 Performative Aspects: the Self-Representation of the Volksgemeinschaft -- 22.10 Culture of the Masses -- 22.11 External Effect -- 22.12 Disposition to Fight -- 22.13 Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 23 Cinema, Art, and Music -- 23.1 Introduction -- 23.2 Cultural Policy in Nazi Germany -- 23.3 The Artists' Perspective -- 23.4 Consuming Cinema, Art, and Music in the Third Reich -- 23.5 Still En Route Towards a Social History of the Third Reich -- References -- Chapter 24 Emotions and National Socialism -- 24.1 Between Comradeship and Devotion: Women's Love for Hitler -- 24.2 Between Hostility and Honour: 'Race Defilement' and Practices of Antisemitism in Court -- 24.3 Mixed Feelings in Nazi Germany -- Notes -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 25 Environment -- References -- Further Reading -- Part IV Race, Imperialism, and Genocide -- Chapter 26 Terror -- 26.1 Introduction -- 26.2 The Archaeology of Nazi Violence -- 26.3 The Reichstag Fire as Nazi Terror's Starting Point « A Deep Exploration of the Rise, Reign, and Legacy of the Third Reich For its brief existence, National Socialist Germany was one of the most destructive regimes in the history of humankind. Since that time, scholarly debate about its causes has volleyed continuously between the effects of political and military decisions, pathological development, or modernity gone awry. Was terror the defining force of rule, or was popular consent critical to sustaining the movement? Were the German people sympathetic to Nazi ideology, or were they radicalized by social manipulation and powerful propaganda? Was the Final Solution the motivation for the Third Reichs rise to power, or simply the outcome? A Companion to Nazi Germany addresses these crucial questions with historical insight from the Nazi Partys emergence in the 1920s through its postwar repercussions. From the theory and context that gave rise to the movement, through its structural, cultural, economic, and social impacts, to the eras lasting legacy, this book offers an in-depth examination of modern historys most infamous reign. Assesses the historiography of Nazism and the prehistory of the regime Provides deep insight into labor, education, research, and home life amidst the Third Reichs ideological imperatives Describes how the Third Reich affected business, the economy, and the culture, including sports, entertainment, and religion Delves into the social militarization in the lead-up to war, and examines the social and historical complexities that allowed genocide to take place Shows how modern-day Germany confronts and deals with its recent history Todays political climate highlights the critical need to understand how radical nationalist movements gain an audience, then followers, then power