A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture (Blackwell Companions to Art History Book 12)

Cover 1 About the pagination of this eBook 2 Volume 1 4 Title Page 6 Copyright Page 7 Contents 8 List of Illustrations 11 List of Maps 18 Notes on Contributors 19 Acknowledgments 24 Map of commonly cited cities 25 Introduction to Both Volumes of A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture 28 Chapter 1 Frameworks of Islamic Art and Architectural History: Concepts, Approaches, and Historiographies 29 The Rationale for the Two Volumes of A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture 29 The Structure of the Volumes and their Reconceptualized Periodization 34 Foundations and Historiography of the Field 40 Some Historical Peculiarities and Tropes of the Field 46 Recent Developments in the Study of Islamic Art and Architecture 55 Conclusion 59 Notes 61 Bibliography 73 Part I The Early Caliphates, Umayyads, and the End of Late Antiquity (650–750) 84 Chapter 2 The Material Culture of Pre- and Early Islamic Arabia 88 First Millennium bce 88 Second to Fourth Centuries ce 93 Fourth to Sixth Centuries ce 98 The Islamic Seventh Century 111 References 112 Chapter 3 The Formation of Religious and Caliphal Identity in the Umayyad Period: The Evidence of the Coinage 116 The Evidence of the Coinage 119 The Conservative Phase (650–691) 121 The Civil War and its Aftermath 123 The Adaptive Phase (I): The Shahada Coinage (691–693) 124 The Adaptive Phase (II): The Caliphal Image Coinage (693–696) 126 The Epigraphic Phase (696–) 129 Coinage and Identity 131 Notes 133 References 133 Chapter 4 The Qurʾan, Calligraphy, and the Early Civilization of Islam 136 The Arabic Script before Islam 136 The First Seven Decades of Islam 138 The Umayyad Period and the Codification of Arabic Scripts (c. 690–750) 143 Calligraphy at the Height of Abbasid Power (750–c. 900) 147 The Transformation of Arabic Writing in the Tenth Century 152 Acknowledgment 154 References 154 Chapter 5 Sacred Spaces in Early Islam 157 Narratives on Mecca and Medina 157 Early Islamic Religious Spaces: Plan and Structure 161 The Location of Sacredness in Early Islam 166 A New Decorum for Islamic Sacred Spaces 170 References 175 Part II Abbasids and the Universal Caliphate (750–900) 178 Chapter 6 Early Islamic Urbanism 182 Pre-Islamic Urbanism in Arabia 183 The Early Amsar 184 New Urban Settlements of Umayyad Syria 186 Baghdad and the Abbasids 190 Raqqa and Qadisiyya 193 Samarra 194 The Later Royal City 197 References 201 Chapter 7 Samarra and Abbasid Ornament 204 Architectural Ornament in Samarra 205 Architectural Ornament in Late Antiquity and Early Islam 216 Samarra and Later Modes of Islamic Architectural Ornament 219 References 222 Chapter 8 The China–Abbasid Ceramics Trade during the Ninth and Tenth Centuries: Chinese Ceramics Circulating in the Middle East 224 Made for Export: Evidence from the Belitung Shipwreck, c. Ninth Century 226 From Kilns to Ports to Destined Markets: Findings from Two Tenth-Century Shipwrecks 231 The Interwoven Network of Trade Routes 235 Conclusion 239 Notes 241 References 241 Part III Fragmentation and the Rival Caliphates of Cordoba, Cairo, and Baghdad (900–1050) 246 Chapter 9 The Three Caliphates, a Comparative Approach 250 Introduction 250 Urban Foundations: Abbasid, Umayyad, and Fatimid 251 Religious Foundations 257 Comparative Analysis of Architecture under the Rival Caliphates 262 Court Ceremonies and Religious Rituals 268 Conclusions: The Waning of Caliphal Competition 271 Notes 273 References 273 Chapter 10 Early Islam on the East African Coast 277 Introduction 277 East African Islam and its Architecture 281 The “Shirazi” Towns 289 East Africa in the Global Islamic Economy 296 References 298 Chapter 11 Textiles and Identity 302 Inscribed Textiles as Symbols of Caliphal Hegemony: The Abbasids 303 Inscribed Textiles as Caliphal Relics: The Fatimids 308 Notes 322 References 323 Part IV “City States” and the Later Baghdad Caliphate (1050–1250) 328 Chapter 12 The Resurgence of the Baghdad Caliphate 334 Brief Political and Urban History 335 Fortifications 336 Religious Architecture 338 Secular Architecture: The Abbasid Palace 343 The Arts of the Book during the Late Baghdad Caliphate 346 The Legacy of the Architecture and Arts of the Late Baghdad Caliphate 350 Notes 351 References 351 Chapter 13 Turko-Persian Empires between Anatolia and India 354 Survey of Scholarship and Key Issues 355 Techniques and Materials 357 Greater Iran (Iran and Iraq, Transoxania, Afghanistan) 358 Anatolia 363 Syria and al-Jazira 369 The Punjab and Northern India 374 Conclusion 379 References 379 Chapter 14 Bridging Seas of Sand and Water: The Berber Dynasties of the Islamic Far West 383 The Berbers in History and Scholarship 384 Trade across the Sahara 385 The Development of a Common Material and Visual Culture 387 Conclusion 401 References 402 Chapter 15 Sicily and the Staging of Multiculturalism 405 “Fortunate city, endowed with a trilingual people” 406 The Royal Palaces 411 Churches and Architectural Decoration 416 The Cappella Palatina Ceiling and other Painted Ceilings 420 “Siculo-Arabic” Painted Ivories and the Popularization of Courtly Painting 424 Conclusion 427 Acknowledgments 428 Note 428 References 428 Chapter 16 Transculturation in the Eastern Mediterranean 432 Spatial and Temporal Connections and Continuities 436 Palatial Culture 438 Conclusion 453 Notes 454 References 454 Chapter 17 Patronage and the Idea of an Urban Bourgeoisie 458 References 475 Chapter 18 The Social and Economic Life of Metalwork 480 An Astrolabe Made by Ahmad and Muhammad, Sons of Ibrahim al-Isfahani 480 Serçe Limanı Box from the Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology 484 Seljuq Sabre Blade from the Furusiyya Collection 487 Zebu and Calf Aquamanile from the Hermitage Museum 489 The Freer Pen Box Made by Shazi/Shadhi the Naqqash in 1210 493 A Silver-Inlaid Tray Made for Badr al-Din Luʾluʾ in Thirteenth-Century Mosul 495 Conclusions 499 References 501 Chapter 19 Ceramics and Circulation 505 The Qualities of Pottery 505 The Status of Pottery 506 Circulation of Pottery 507 The Beginnings of Islamic Fine Glazed Pottery 508 Samarra, China, and the Origin of Islamic Polychrome Glazed Pottery 509 Ceramic Families 510 Later Circulations 522 Conclusions 524 References 525 Chapter 20 Figural Ornament in Medieval Islamic Art 528 References 545 Chapter 21 Medieval Islamic Amulets, Talismans, and Magic 548 What is Magic? 548 The Literature on Magic 549 The Nature and Survival of Magical Objects and the Magical Vocabulary 560 Elements of the Magical Vocabulary 562 Categories of Objects 569 Conclusion 576 Notes 577 References 578 Chapter 22 The Discovery and Rediscovery of the Medieval Islamic Object 585 Art of the Islamic Object: An Overview 585 What Can Literary and Visual Sources Tell Us? 587 Rediscovering the Object 595 Conclusion: Future Directions 600 References 602 Volume 2 606 Title Page 608 Copyright Page 609 Contents 610 List of Illustrations 614 List of Maps 624 Notes on Contributors 625 Map of commonly cited cities 631 Part V “Global” Empires and the World‐System (1250–1450) 634 Chapter 23 Architecture and Court Cultures of the Fourteenth Century 640 Secular Architecture 641 Mosques and Other Religious Architecture 647 Conclusions 667 Notes 669 References 669 Chapter 24 Islamic Architecture and Ornament in China 671 China’s Earliest Islamic Architecture: The Song Dynasty 672 Golden Age of Islamic Architecture in China: The Mongol Yuan Dynasty 673 Islamic Architecture in Ming China 684 Other Evidence of Islamic Material Culture in China 687 Notes 688 Chapter 25 Chinese and Turko-Mongol Elements in Ilkhanid and Timurid Arts: Part 1: The Mongols (c. 1250–1350) 691 Textiles as Political Legitimacy and Cultural Identity 692 Ceramics, Miscellaneous Objects, and the Cycle of Chinoiserie 693 China and the Rise of Manuscript Painting in Iran 698 Multireligious Ingredients in the Pictorial Arts of Ilkhanid Iran 700 Notes 703 References 704 Chapter 25 Chinese and Turko-Mongol Elements in Ilkhanid and Timurid Arts: Part 2: Timurids, Central Asia, and Ming China (1370–1507) 707 Manuscripts and Paintings 709 Kitabkhana Designs 713 Papermaking and Decoration 714 Ceramics 715 Nephrite Jade 717 Conclusion 720 References 720 Chapter 26 Persianate Arts of the Book in Iran and Central Asia 723 The Arts of the Book under the Mongols 726 The Arts of the Book from the Mongols’ Demise to the Timurids 733 Notes 743 References 743 Chapter 27 Later Qurʾan Manuscripts 746 The Scribal Traditions of Iraq and their Dissemination 753 Qurʾan Manuscripts from Anatolia, Iraq and Iran, and Central Asia 756 Qurʾans Produced for Mongol Patrons 757 The Qurʾans of India 760 Qurʾans of the Mamluks 761 Conclusion 764 References 765 Chapter 28 Locating the Alhambra: A Fourteenth-Century “Islamic” Palace and its “Western” Contexts 767 The Palace of Comares: Seat for a Western Caliphate 769 Al-Riyad al-Saʿid: Garden of Knowledge 776 Courtliness, Contacts, and Mudéjar 781 Directions for Further Research 783 Notes 784 References 784 Chapter 29 Architectural Patronage and the Rise of the Ottomans 788 Historiography 789 Continuity and Change under Orhan and Murad I (1326–1389) 790 Bayezid I and the Anatolian Heritage (1389–1402) 794 Mosques of Bayezid I and Mehmed I (1389–1421) 796 The Mosques of Çandarlı Qara Khalil Pasha and Bayezid Pasha 797 The Green Mosque in Bursa (1419–1424) and Later Buildings 799 Concluding Remarks 805 References 806 Chapter 30 Islam beyond Empires: Mosques and Islamic Landscapes in India and the Indian Ocean 810 Introduction 811 Islamic Landscapes beyond the Lands of Islam 813 Mosques and the Islamic Landscape of South Asia 816 South Asian Mosques beyond Hypostyle Paradigms 818 Early South Asian Mosques and Indic Spatialities 823 Architectural Patronage beyond the Lands of Islam 825 Conclusions and Future Directions 829 Notes 829 References 830 Chapter 31 The Deccani Sultanates and their Interregional Connections 832 Political Mechanisms 834 Economic and Social Mechanisms 845 Conclusion 853 Notes 855 References 856 Part VI Early Modern Empires and their Neighbors (1450–1700) 860 Chapter 32 The Mughals, Uzbeks, and the Timurid Legacy 866 The Leitmotifs of Timurid Architecture 867 Mughal Architecture – Assessing the Timurid Legacy 881 Conclusion 894 Notes 895 References 895 Chapter 33 Istanbul, Isfahan, and Delhi: Imperial Designs and Urban Experiences in the Early Modern Era 901 City Portraits c. 1650 902 Populations and Neighborhoods 906 Configuring Capital Cities and the Politics of Space 908 Court into the City: Urban Spaces of Ceremonial 920 Public Spaces and Modes of Sociability, Old and New 922 References 926 Chapter 34 Painting, from Royal to Urban Patronage 929 Epic and Romantic Tales 930 Dynastic and Universal Histories 934 Religious Themes 938 Albums and the Perpetuation of Artistic Legacies 942 Portraiture: From Royal to Urban 951 Conclusion 954 References 955 Chapter 35 Objects of Consumption: Mediterranean Interconnections of the Ottomans and Mamluks 958 When Did Consumer Society Take Off? 959 Market and Non-Market Forms and Levels of Exchange 961 Courtly Gifts: Negotiating Political, Confessional, and Linguistic Borders 962 Cross-Cultural Portraiture: Mirroring the “Other” 968 Domestic Interiors: Hygiene, Comfort, Taste, and Refinement 970 Conclusion: Moral Strictures and the Public Order 976 Notes 978 References 981 Chapter 36 Safavid Arts and Diplomacy in the Age of the Renaissance and Reformation: Part 1: The Safavids and Their Neighbors: The Movement of Objects 986 Shah Ismaʿil I: Appropriation of the Past 986 Shah Tahmasp: Forging of a New Visual Identity 990 Shah ʿAbbas I: Disseminating a Vision of Power 997 Acknowledgments 1004 References 1004 Chapter 36 Safavid Arts and Diplomacy in the Age of the Renaissance and Reformation: Part 2: The Arts of Gifting between Safavids and Habsburgs 1006 Notes 1024 References 1025 Chapter 37 Carpets, Textiles, and Trade in the Early Modern Islamic World 1027 Symbolism, Status, Economics, and Taste 1028 Scholarship 1029 Commerce and Taxation 1033 Commerce in Carpets 1035 Creativity and Style: The Art of Making Textiles 1036 Textiles and Carpets in the Ottoman Empire 1038 Textiles of Mamluk Egypt and Syria 1041 Textiles of the Timurid, Turkmen, and Safavid Realms 1043 Textiles of the Mughal Empire and Deccani Kingdoms 1046 Conclusion 1048 References 1048 Chapter 38 Trade, Politics, and Sufi Synthesis in the Formation of Southeast Asian Islamic Architecture 1051 Southeast Asian Islamic Architecture? 1052 Range and Scope of Existing Surveys 1054 The Sense of a Region 1055 Categories and Contexts: Mosque Halls and Mausolea 1056 Islam as “Overlay”: Discursive Re‐signification Beyond Mosques 1066 Temporal Paradox and Political Posturing 1071 Conclusion 1072 Notes 1072 References 1074 Chapter 39 Mudejar Americano: Iberian Aesthetic Transmission in the New World 1078 References 1102 Part VII Modernity, Empire, Colony, and Nation (1700–1950) 1106 Chapter 40 Beyond the Taj Mahal: Late Mughal Visual Culture 1110 Monuments as Models: The Legacy of “Shahjahani” Architecture 1111 Urban Culture 1117 Late Mughal Painting and Muhammad Shah 1119 The Visual Culture of the Itinerant Mughal Court 1123 The Nineteenth Century: Looking Back, Looking Ahead 1125 Notes 1132 References 1133 Chapter 41 Kings and Traditions in Différance: Antiquity Revisited in Post-Safavid Iran 1137 Zand and Early Qajar: Looking to the Recent Past 1139 High Qajar Period: Revivalism as Recovered Kingdom 1144 Late Qajar and Pahlavi: Eclecticism as Anti-Colonialism 1151 Notes 1155 References 1155 Chapter 42 Public Sphere in the Eastern Mediterranean 1157 Spaces of Sociability 1158 Spaces of Dissent 1166 Spaces of Modernity 1170 References 1175 Chapter 43 “Jeux de miroir”: Architecture of Istanbul and Cairo from Empire to Modernism 1177 Notes 1201 References 1202 Chapter 44 Islamic Art in Islamic Lands: Museums and Architectural Revivalism 1205 Codifying National Art and Architecture 1205 Museums of Islamic Art 1209 Architectural Revivalism 1219 Conclusions 1222 References 1224 Chapter 45 Islamic Art in the West: Categories of Collecting 1227 The Religious Domain 1229 Cabinets of Curiosity and Other Collections 1229 Manuscripts in European Libraries 1230 Universal Museums 1231 Special Collections 1232 Museums of Applied Art and International Exhibitions 1233 Ethnographic Collections 1236 Private Collections: The Cult of the Art Object 1237 Connoisseurship in Islamic Art 1239 Museums in Islamic Lands 1242 American and Russian Museum Collections 1243 Developments and Re-evaluations Since World War II 1245 Dispersal and Dismemberment 1247 Notes 1248 References 1248 Chapter 46 Islamic Arts and the Crisis of Representation in Modern Europe 1251 Crisis in Western Identity 1251 Orientalism 1252 Ornamental Revolution 1256 Islamophilia 1261 Modernism 1267 References 1271 Part VIII Islam, Art, and the Contemporary (1950–Present) 1274 Chapter 47 Resonance and Circulation: The Category “Islamic Art and Architecture” 1278 Definitions and Boundaries 1278 The Plot of Islamic Art History 1280 Islam-as-Religion versus Islam-as-Culture 1281 The Corpus of Islamic Art: Inclusions and Exclusions 1285 Preservation and Destruction 1286 Reproduction and Exhibition, or the “Agency of Display” 1288 The Creator’s Dilemma: Islamic Art and Muslim Identities 1289 Islamization and Secularization in Dialogue 1292 Conclusion 1293 Notes 1296 References 1296 Chapter 48 Dubai, Anyplace: Histories of Architecture in the Contemporary Middle East 1300 History and Context 1302 Constructing an Imperial Past 1304 Heritage Reclaimed and Reimagined 1308 A Capitalist Modernity 1310 Skyscraper Dreams 1314 Notes 1318 References 1320 Chapter 49 Translations of Architecture in West Asia during the Twentieth Century 1322 Translations into the National: The New World after World War I 1325 Translations into the Regional: Cold-War Balances 1329 Translations into the Islamic: Postmodern and Global Currents 1336 Notes 1343 References 1343 Chapter 50 Calligraphic Abstraction 1347 Calligraphic Abstraction in Context 1348 Art and Decolonization 1354 The Discursivity of Calligraphic Abstraction 1359 Notes 1364 References 1365 Chapter 51 Articulating the Contemporary 1369 Contemporary Figures 1371 Globalized Convergences 1377 Histories of the Contemporary 1380 Ruptures within the Contemporary 1388 Conclusion 1391 References 1392 Index 1394 EULA 1442 The two-volume Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture bridges the gap between monograph and survey text by providing a new level of access and interpretation to Islamic art. The more than 50 newly commissioned essays revisit canonical topics, and include original approaches and scholarship on neglected aspects of the field.

• This two-volume Companion showcases more than 50 specially commissioned essays and an introduction that survey Islamic art and architecture in all its traditional grandeur
• Essays are organized according to a new chronological-geographical paradigm that remaps the unprecedented expansion of the field and reflects the nuances of major artistic and political developments during the 1400-year span
• The Companion represents recent developments in the field, and encourages future horizons by commissioning innovative essays that provide fresh perspectives on canonical subjects, such as early Islamic art, sacred spaces, palaces, urbanism, ornament, arts of the book, and the portable arts while introducing others that have been previously neglected, including unexplored geographies and periods, transregional connectivities, talismans and magic, consumption and networks of portability, museums and collecting, and contemporary art worlds; the essays entail strong comparative and historiographic dimensions
• The volumes are accompanied by a map, and each subsection is preceded by a brief outline of the main cultural and historical developments during the period in question
• The volumes include periods and regions typically excluded from survey books including modern and contemporary art-architecture; China, Indonesia, Sub-Saharan Africa, Sicily, the New World (Americas)

This two-volume Companion bridges the gap between monograph and survey text by providing a new level of access and interpretation to Islamic art. The more than 50 newly commissioned essays revisit canonical topics, and include original approaches and scholarship on neglected aspects of the field. Essays are organized according to a new chronological-geographical paradigm that remaps the unprecedented expansion of the field and reflects the nuances of major artistic and political developments during the 1400-year span. The Companion represents recent developments in the field, and encourages future horizons by commissioning innovative essays that provide fresh perspectives on canonical subjects, such as early Islamic art, sacred spaces, palaces, urbanism, ornament, arts of the book, and the portable arts while introducing others that have been previously neglected, including unexplored geographies and periods, transregional connectivities, talismans and magic, consumption and networks of portability, museums and collecting, and contemporary art worlds; the essays entail strong comparative and historiographic dimensions. The volumes are accompanied by a map, and each subsection is preceded by a brief outline of the main cultural and historical developments during the period in question. The volumes include periods and regions typically excluded from survey books including modern and contemporary art-architecture; China, Indonesia, Sub-Saharan Africa, Sicily, the New World (Americas)