A Companion to International History 1900-2001 (Blackwell Companions to History)

A comprehensive overview of the most important international events, movements, and controversies of the 20th century. Written by distinguished scholars, each an authority in their field Explores influential, underlying themes such as imperialism, nationalism, internationalism, technological developments, and changes in diplomatic methods Addresses a broad range of topics, including diplomacy of wartime and peacemaking, the cold war era and the "new world order", the end of European empires, the rise of nationalism in the Third World, globalization, and terrorism Chronological organization makes the volume easily accessible Includes useful guides for further reading and research A Companion to International History 1900-2001 (2007) ......Page 1 BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO HISTORY......Page 3 ISBN: 9781405125741......Page 5 --> Contents......Page 6 Notes on Contributors......Page 10 Preface and Acknowledgments......Page 15 Maps......Page 16 Introduction......Page 24 INTRODUCTION - Twentieth-Century International History: The Changing Face of Empire......Page 26 Part I - Undertones......Page 34 Empires in the Early Twentieth Century......Page 36 Loss of Equilibrium in the International Imperial Order......Page 38 Imperialism and the First World War......Page 41 The Interwar Years......Page 42 The Second World War......Page 43 Decolonization......Page 44 GUIDE TO FURTHER READING......Page 47 CHAPTER TWO - Nationalism......Page 49 The Nation Defined: Nature......Page 50 The Nation Defined: Culture and History......Page 51 The Nation Defined: Myth......Page 53 The Nation before the Nation......Page 54 The Nineteenth-Century Nation......Page 55 The Anti-Nation: Socialism......Page 56 The Case of the Jews......Page 57 The Post-1945 Nation......Page 58 GUIDE TO FURTHER READING......Page 60 CHAPTER THREE - Internationalism......Page 62 Pre-1914 Forms of International Organization......Page 63 The League of Nations......Page 64 The United Nations......Page 67 Internationalist Ideals Beyond the State......Page 70 Conclusion......Page 72 GUIDE TO FURTHER READING......Page 73 CHAPTER FOUR - A Shrinking World......Page 75 Communications......Page 76 Travel......Page 81 NOTES......Page 86 GUIDE TO FURTHER READING......Page 87 A Changing World......Page 88 The Administrative Response......Page 91 The End of Diplomacy?......Page 99 INTERNET RESOURCES......Page 100 Part II - The First World War and Its Consequences......Page 102 The Beginnings of the Bismarckian System......Page 104 The Formation of the Triple Alliance......Page 106 The Alliance System after Bismarck......Page 110 The Alliance and the Prewar Crises......Page 111 Conclusion......Page 113 NOTES......Page 115 GUIDE TO FURTHER READING......Page 116 CHAPTER SEVEN - The Ententes, 1894–1914......Page 117 NOTES......Page 125 GUIDE TO FURTHER READING......Page 126 I......Page 128 II......Page 132 III......Page 138 NOTES......Page 139 GUIDE TO FURTHER READING......Page 140 CHAPTER NINE - Wartime Promises and Postwar Europe......Page 141 Britain......Page 142 France......Page 147 The Central Powers......Page 149 Conclusion......Page 151 NOTES......Page 152 GUIDE TO FURTHER READING......Page 153 The Middle East......Page 154 Africa......Page 159 The Far East......Page 161 Conclusion......Page 163 GUIDE TO FURTHER READING......Page 164 Wilson and the New World Order......Page 166 Lenin and the New World Order......Page 169 Competing Visions, Public Reactions......Page 172 Conclusion......Page 174 GUIDE TO FURTHER READING......Page 175 CHAPTER TWELVE - The Versailles System......Page 177 Reparations......Page 179 War Crimes......Page 180 Arms Control Regimes......Page 181 Territorial Issues......Page 184 Conclusion......Page 186 GUIDE TO FURTHER READING......Page 187 CHAPTER THIRTEEN - The Legacy of the First World War......Page 189 A New Approach to Diplomacy?......Page 190 The League and Anglo-French Relations......Page 191 The German Question......Page 193 Minorities......Page 195 Early Challenges......Page 196 NOTES......Page 199 GUIDE TO FURTHER READING......Page 200 Part III - The Coming of the Second World War......Page 202 CHAPTER FOURTEEN - Why International Finance Mattered: 1919–1939......Page 204 The British-Led Revival of Liberal Internationalism......Page 205 Liberal Internationalism: A Source of Global Instability......Page 207 International Finance and the Undermining of French Security Interests......Page 209 The Ineffectualness of Financial Diplomacy......Page 211 International Finance and the Collapse of Allied Solidarity......Page 214 NOTES......Page 215 GUIDE TO FURTHER READING......Page 216 CHAPTER FIFTEEN - The Far Eastern Crisis and the Balance of Power, 1920–1941......Page 218 NOTES......Page 226 GUIDE TO FURTHER READING......Page 227 CHAPTER SIXTEEN - The Challenge to Empire in the Middle East and Asia......Page 230 Nationalism and Non-Cooperation in South Asia......Page 232 European Empire and Nationalism in the Middle East......Page 234 Popular Resistance to European Colonialism in the Arab Middle East......Page 235 Nationalism, Communism, and Rebellion in French Indochina......Page 238 Nationalism, Popular Protest, and European Empire......Page 240 GUIDE TO FURTHER READING......Page 241 The Signifi cance of the Italo-Ethiopian War: An Overview......Page 243 The Survival of Ethiopian Independence......Page 245 The Dynamics ofFascist Colonialism......Page 247 The Reaction of the Status Quo......Page 250 Conclusion......Page 253 GUIDE TO FURTHER READING......Page 254 CHAPTER EIGHTEEN - The Challenge in Europe,1935–1941......Page 256 The Challenge from Germany......Page 257 The Challenge from Italy......Page 259 The Challenge in Eastern Europe......Page 260 The Status Quo Powers......Page 261 The Challenges Succeed......Page 263 NOTES......Page 264 GUIDE TO FURTHER READING......Page 265 The Foundations of British Foreign Policy during the Interwar Years......Page 266 The Reaction to Hitler......Page 267 A General European Settlement......Page 268 Neville Chamberlain and British Foreign Policy......Page 270 Chamberlain, Eden, and the Proposed General Settlement of March 1938......Page 271 The Anschluss and the Munich Crisis......Page 273 The End of Appeasement......Page 275 NOTES......Page 277 GUIDE TO FURTHER READING......Page 278 International Relations and the “Revolution from Above”......Page 280 National Socialism and Collective Security......Page 282 The Munich Crisis and the Nazi–Soviet Pact......Page 284 The Icebreaker Controversy and Soviet Intentions in 1941......Page 286 NOTES......Page 289 GUIDE TO FURTHER READING......Page 290 The Challenge Unfolds......Page 292 Initial Confrontations......Page 294 Lend-Lease: The Crucial Decision......Page 295 Military Confrontation Begins......Page 296 The Degree of Roosevelt’s Commitment......Page 298 America Faces Japan......Page 299 The Consequences of the Tripartite Pact......Page 300 Last-Minute Peace Efforts......Page 301 NOTES......Page 302 GUIDE TO FURTHER READING......Page 303 Part IV - From Grand Alliance to Cold War......Page 306 CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO - The Grand Alliance, 1941–1945......Page 308 The Second Front......Page 310 Operation TORCH......Page 312 The Teheran Conference......Page 315 Planning for Postwar: Poland and Percentages......Page 317 NOTES......Page 319 GUIDE TO FURTHER READING......Page 321 CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE - A Bipolar World......Page 322 Differences between the Western and Eastern Blocs......Page 323 The Emergence of the Bipolar World, 1944–1950......Page 326 The Globalization of the Bipolar System, 1950–1963......Page 327 The Relaxation of Bipolarity, 1963–1979......Page 329 The Bipolar System under Stress, 1979–1984......Page 331 NOTES......Page 333 GUIDE TO FURTHER READING......Page 335 The Emerging Third World in the 1950s: A Question of Leadership?......Page 337 The Third World Institutionalized: The Non-Aligned Movement......Page 342 Conferences of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Movement, 1961–2003......Page 343 The Third World at the United Nations: UNCTAD and the New International Economic Order......Page 345 The Third World and the End of the Cold War......Page 347 GUIDE TO FURTHER READING......Page 348 CHAPTER TWENTY-FIVE - Making the New Europe: European Integration since 1950......Page 350 The Causes of Integration......Page 352 The Mechanisms of Integration......Page 355 Deepening and Widening......Page 357 NOTES......Page 360 GUIDE TO FURTHER READING......Page 361 CHAPTER TWENTY-SIX - The Making of Modern Southeast Asia in the Age of Decolonization and the Cold War......Page 363 The Impact of the Second World War......Page 364 Decolonization in Southeast Asia, 1945–1950......Page 365 The Indochina War......Page 367 Indochinese Climacteric......Page 368 The New Asia in and after 1955......Page 370 Vietnam Codicil......Page 372 Conclusion: Southeast Asia Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow......Page 374 GUIDE TO FURTHER READING......Page 375 The Erosion of British Paramountcy, 1945–1956......Page 377 America Intervenes, Britain Retreats: 1957–1968......Page 380 The Nixon Doctrine, 1969–1979......Page 383 The Carter Doctrine to the Kuwait War, 1980–1991......Page 385 NOTES......Page 387 GUIDE TO FURTHER READING......Page 388 CHAPTER TWENTY-EIGHT - The Sino-Soviet Alliance......Page 389 Mao’s Talks with Stalin......Page 390 Sino-Soviet Relations and the Korean War......Page 391 Dynamism and Tensions......Page 392 The First Violin......Page 394 Change of Guard......Page 396 Containment and Crisis......Page 397 Conclusion......Page 399 GUIDE TO FURTHER READING......Page 400 Part V - A New World Order?......Page 402 CHAPTER TWENTY-NINE - The Collapse of the Soviet Union and the End of the Cold War......Page 404 Chernobyl......Page 406 Nationalities......Page 407 Radicalism and Conservatism, 1989–1990......Page 408 Ending the Cold War......Page 409 The Baltics......Page 412 The Union Treaty......Page 413 Explanations for the Collapse of the Soviet Union......Page 414 NOTES......Page 415 GUIDE TO FURTHER READING......Page 416 CHAPTER THIRTY - War and Peace in the Global Community, 1989–2001......Page 417 President George H. W. Bush......Page 419 President Bill Clinton......Page 422 War and Peace......Page 425 Conclusion......Page 427 GUIDE TO FURTHER READING......Page 428 CHAPTER THIRTY-ONE - Globalization......Page 431 The First Modern Era of Globalization......Page 433 Deglobalization?......Page 434 Globalization Revitalized......Page 437 Globalization Backlash?......Page 440 Backlash?......Page 441 NOTES......Page 443 GUIDE TO FURTHER READING......Page 444 Approaching Terrorism......Page 445 Terrorist Groups and Strategies – Old and New......Page 447 First Steps in the War on Terrorism......Page 450 A Doctrine of Preventive Warfare......Page 452 Operation Iraqi Freedom......Page 453 Conclusion: Terrorism and International Relations since 9/11......Page 455 NOTES......Page 456 GUIDE TO FURTHER READING......Page 458 INTERNET RESOURCES......Page 459 Bibliography......Page 460 Index......Page 482 A comprehensive overview of the most important international events, movements, and controversies of the 20th century. Written by distinguished scholars, each an authority in their field Explores influential, underlying themes such as imperialism, nationalism, internationalism, technological developments, and changes in diplomatic methods Addresses a broad range of topics, including diplomacy of wartime and peacemaking, the cold war era and the'new world order', the end of European empires, the rise of nationalism in the Third World, globalization, and terrorism Chronological organization makes the volume easily accessible Includes useful guides for further reading and research A comprehensive overview of the most important international events, movements, and controversies of the 20th century. Written by distinguished scholars, each an authority in their field Explores influential, underlying themes such as imperialism, nationalism, internationalism, technological developments, and changes in diplomatic methods Addresses a broad range of topics, including diplomacy of wartime and peacemaking, the cold war era and the ""new world order"", the end of European empires, the rise of nationalism in the Third World, globalization, and terrori Offers an overview of the most important international events, movements, and controversies of the 20th-century. Beginning with an introductory section detailing the prevailing undertones of the century's history, this work follows a chronological structure from the origins of the First World War to the formation of a globalized world order Offers an overview of the most important international events, movements, and controversies of the 20th century. Beginning with an introductory section detailing the prevailing undertones of the century's history, this work follows a chronological structure from the origins of the first world war to the formation of a globalized world order