A Companion to Greek Democracy and the Roman Republic (Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World)

A Companion to Greek Democracy and the Roman Republic offers a comparative approach to examining ancient Greek and Roman participatory communities. Explores various aspects of participatory communities through pairs of chapters--one Greek, one Roman--to highlight comparisons between cultures Examines the types of relationships that sustained participatory communities, the challenges they faced, and how they responded Sheds new light on participatory contexts using diverse methodological approaches Brings an international array of scholars into dialogue with each other Cover 1 Title Page 5 Copyright 6 Contents 7 Notes on Contributors 11 Abbreviations 15 Introduction 21 Chapter 1 Reading the Past (On Comparison) 28 References 37 Further Reading 38 Part I The Emergence of Participatory Communities 41 Chapter 2 Why Greek Democracy? Its Emergence and Nature in Context 43 1 Introduction, Questions, Sources 43 2 Foundations and Early Stages: The Eighth and Early Seventh Centuries 44 3 From Civil Strife to Civic Integration: The Formalization of Institutions in the Late Seventh and Sixth Centuries 47 4 Sparta’s “Great Rhetra,” the Sovereignty of the Dēmos, and the Restoration of Eunomia 48 5 Solon’s Reforms in Athens, the Restoration of Eunomia, and the Institutionalization of Civic Responsibility 49 6 Isonomia and the Integration of the Athenian Polis in the Late Sixth Century 51 7 Eunomia, Isonomia, and Democracy 52 8 The Emergence of Fully Participatory Democracy in Mid-Fifth-Century Athens 53 9 Participatory Democracy at Its Height 55 10 Greek Democracy and Roman Republicanism: Elements of a Comparison 56 References 58 Further Reading 63 Chapter 3 Why Roman Republicanism? Its Emergence and Nature in Context 64 1 Introduction and Sources 64 2 Urbanization, State Formation and Aristocratic Clans, c.900–500 BCE 66 3 Kingship in Rome 71 4 Foundation of the Republic, c.509 BCE 72 5 Developments in Roman Republicanism, c.500–300 BCE: A Response to Internal and External Pressures 74 6 Nobilitas, Republicanism, and the Conquest of Italy and Sicily, c.300–241 BCE 78 7 Conclusion 80 References 81 Further Reading 84 Part II Constructing a Past 85 Chapter 4 Autochthony and Identity in Greek Myth 87 1 Introduction 87 2 The Land 88 3 The Sea 93 4 Plato and the Construction of the Past 94 5 Conclusion 100 References 101 Further Reading 102 Chapter 5 Agriculture and Identity in Roman Myth 103 1 Introduction 103 2 Ideology and Agrarian Writing: The Scholarship 105 3 The Cincinnatus Story and the Roman Meal 106 4 The Context and Structure of the Cincinnatus Story 107 5 Topography: Rus et Urbs 108 6 Farming, Food Production, and Economics 109 7 Farming, Authority, and Age 111 8 How the Motifs and Values of Part I Affect the Interpretation of Part II 111 9 The Roman Meal as an Expression of Roman Values 115 10 Conclusion 116 Notes 117 References 117 Further Reading 118 Part III Dēmokratia and Res Publica 119 Chapter 6 Liberty, Equality, and Authority: A Political Discourse in Greek Participatory Communities 121 1 Authority in Greek Communities before State Formation 122 2 The Authority of Statute Law in Archaic Greece 124 3 Democratic Citizen Agency as a Performance of Freedom and Equality 126 4 Freedom and the Autonomy of Greek States 128 5 From Greece to Rome 130 References 131 Further Reading 132 Chapter 7 Liberty, Equality, and Authority: A Political Discourse in the Later Roman Republic 133 1 Liberty 133 2 Equality 137 3 Authority 142 4 Concluding Reflections 144 Acknowledgments 146 References 146 Further Reading 146 Part IV Institutions 149 Chapter 8 The Congruence of Power: Ruling and Being Ruled in Greek Participatory Communities 151 1 The Development of the Greeks’ Institutions 151 2 The Body of Participants 153 3 Making Decisions 153 4 Implementing Decisions 155 5 Justice 158 6 Religion 160 7 Smaller and Larger Entities 162 8 Conclusion 163 References 164 Further Reading 165 Chapter 9 The Incongruence of Power: The Roman Constitution in Theory and Practice 166 1 From Monarchy to Res Publica 167 2 The “Struggle of the Orders” 169 3 Institutions in the “Classic” Roman Republic 170 4 Popular Participation 174 5 Religion in the Roman Republic 176 6 Justice and Law Courts 177 7 Power and Authority in the Roman Republic 177 8 The Institutional Context of Rome’s Expansion 178 9 The End of the Roman Republic 179 References 180 Further Reading 183 Part V Law 185 Chapter 10 Tyranny or the Rule of Law? Democratic Participation in Legal Institutions in Athens 187 1 Introduction 187 2 Legal and Judicial Functions: Lawmaking, Litigation, Judgment 188 3 Legal and Judicial Functions: Prosecution, Self-Help, Accountability 192 4 Citizenship and Participation 195 References 197 Further Reading 198 Chapter 11 The Evolution of Law and Legal Procedures in the Roman Participatory Context 199 1 Introduction 199 2 Beginnings 200 3 Effects of Expansion on Law and Legal Procedure 202 4 Legal Process, Formal Legal Structures, and Informal Mechanisms 203 5 Separation of Legal Functions, Non-Professional Judiciary, Legal Knowledge 205 6 Citizen Participation in the Formation of Law and Procedure 207 7 Access 209 8 Comparison 211 References 211 Further Reading 212 Part VI Social Values 213 Chapter 12 Informal Norms, Values, and Social Control in Greek Participatory Communities 215 1 Introduction 215 2 Education and Socialization 216 3 Festivals, Civic Norms, and Cohesion 223 4 Conclusion 231 References 232 Further Reading 235 Chapter 13 Informal Norms, Values, and Social Control in the Roman Participatory Context 237 1 Introduction 237 2 Roman Discourse on Mos 239 3 The Elaboration of the Mos 243 4 Ways of Transmission and Control 245 5 Censors 250 6 Conclusion 254 References 254 Further Reading 258 Part VII Power Relations and Political Groups 259 Chapter 14 The Practice of Politics in Classical Athens, and the Paradox of Democratic Leadership 261 1 Politics in Post-Cleisthenic Athens 261 2 “The ruling hand of the dēmos” (Aeschylus, Suppliants 604) 262 3 Politics Outside the Assembly 264 4 Athens’ Democratic Paradox 268 5 Conclusions 273 References 274 Further Reading 276 Chapter 15 The Practice of Politics and the Unpredictable Dynamics of Clout in the Roman Republic 277 1 Politics and Power 278 2 The Nobility 279 3 The People’s Choice 282 4 Senatorial Clout 285 5 The Popular Assemblies 287 6 Violence 289 7 Concluding Uncertainties 289 References 291 Further Reading 293 Part VIII Rhetoric 295 Chapter 16 Persuading the People in Greek Participatory Communities 297 1 In Praise of Athens: Rhetoric, Patriotism, and Civic Ideology 298 2 Exhorting the Athenians: The Rhetoric of Betrayed Ideals 301 3 The Rhetoric of Good Citizenship 305 4 The Speaker and His Public: Feedback and its Problems 309 5 Conclusion 310 References 311 Further Reading 313 Chapter 17 Persuading the People in the Roman Participatory Context 314 1 Typology, Venues, Audiences 315 2 The Problem Exemplified: Cicero against the Agrarian Law 321 3 The Rhetorical Construction of Ideology 323 References 327 Further Reading 328 Part IX Global Contexts 331 Chapter 18 Interstate Relations, Colonization, and Empire among Greek Participatory Communities 333 1 A Greek International Community? 334 2 Colonization 337 3 Interstate Leagues 339 4 Athenian and Spartan Imperialism 343 5 Conclusions: The “Failure” of Greek Interstate Relations 345 References 346 Further Reading 348 Chapter 19 Interstate Relations, Federal States, Colonization, and Empire during the Roman Republic 349 1 “Democratic Rome” and the Extension of Roman Citizenship 350 2 Rome and Italy: City-States and Federal States 354 3 International Anarchy and Roman Exceptionalism 358 4 Conclusion 362 Note 362 References 362 Further Reading 365 Part X Economic Life 367 Chapter 20 Production, Trade, and Consumption in Greek Democracy 369 1 Introduction 369 2 Production 370 3 The Effect of Enactments on Production 372 4 Distribution 373 5 The Effect of Enactments on Distribution 374 6 Consumption 377 7 The Effect of Enactments on Consumption 377 8 Economic Policies and the Athenian Assembly 378 9 Participatory Communities and Economic Decisions 379 10 Conclusion 383 Acknowledgments 384 References 384 Further Reading 387 Chapter 21 Production, Trade, and Consumption in the Roman Republic 388 1 Introduction 388 2 Production 389 3 Trade 393 4 Consumption 397 5 Conclusion 401 References 402 Further Reading 405 Part XI Discourses of Inclusion and Exclusion 407 Chapter 22 Women and Slaves in Greek Democracy 409 1 Introduction: Recovering Diverse “Outsiders” 409 2 Athens’ Tragic Theater: A Site for Critical Reflection on Citizenship 411 3 Epitaphic Oratory: Commemoration, Celebration, Ideology 414 4 Philosophy’s Provocations: Dialectical Reflections on Citizenship 416 5 Conclusion 421 References 422 Further Reading 424 Chapter 23 Women and Slaves in the Roman Republic 425 Appendix. Amicus/Amica in Plautus 441 References 442 Further Reading 446 Part XII Entertainment 449 Chapter 24 Tragedy and Comedy in Greek Participatory Communities 451 1 Social, Physical, and Legal Organization 451 2 Politics and Drama 453 3 Political Drama in Action 458 4 Conclusion 462 References 463 Further Reading 464 Chapter 25 Tragedy and Comedy in the Roman Participatory Context 466 1 Social, Physical, and Legal Organization 466 2 Politics and Drama 470 3 Political Theater in Action 472 4 Conclusion 474 References 476 Further Reading 478 Part XIII Visual Culture 479 Chapter 26 Art, Architecture, and Spaces in Greek Participatory Communities 481 1 Introduction: Democratic Visual Culture—or Visual Culture in Democracies? 481 2 Urbanism: Shaping Societies 483 3 Political Spaces: Public Installations and Buildings 484 4 Political Spaces: Imagery 486 5 Sacred Spaces: Sanctuaries 487 6 Sacred Spaces: Imagery 490 7 Mythological and Historical Topography 493 8 Necropoleis 494 9 The Private Sphere 495 10 Art Forms, Political Ideals, and Social Values 497 11 Conclusion 498 References 499 Further Reading 501 Chapter 27 Art, Architecture, and Space in the Roman Participatory Context 502 1 Introduction 502 2 Political Spaces: The Roman Forum and Roman Fora 503 3 Sacred Topography: The Capitoline Temple and Other Temples of Rome during the Republic 505 4 Mythological Topography 507 5 Roman Architectural Replication: Colonies, Comitia and Capitolia 509 6 Domestic Spaces: Salutatio and the Roman House 511 7 Art Forms and Social Values: Political Monuments 513 8 Art Forms and Social Values: Funerals and Tombs as a Method of Fashioning Personal and Family Identity 514 9 Art Forms and Social Values: Portraits 516 10 Conclusion 517 References 518 Further Reading 519 Part XIV Conclusion 521 Chapter 28 Thinking Comparatively about Participatory Communities 523 1 Liberty and Power 524 2 Power and International Relations 530 3 Humility, Confession, and Power 535 References 536 Further Reading 539 Index 541 EULA 552