A Companion to Greek Architecture (Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World)

A Companion to Greek Architecture provides an expansive overview of the topic, including design, engineering, and construction as well as theory, reception, and lasting impact. Covers both sacred and secular structures and complexes, with particular attention to architectural decoration, such as sculpture, interior design, floor mosaics, and wall painting Makes use of new research from computer-driven technologies, the study of inscriptions and archaeological evidence, and recently excavated buildings Brings together original scholarship from an esteemed group of archaeologists and art historians Presents the most up-to-date English language coverage of Greek architecture in several decades while also sketching out important areas and structures in need of further research Title Page 30 Table of Contents 2 Preface 32 List of Illustrations 33 Glossary 43 List of Maps 44 Notes on Contributors 45 Introduction 50 REFERENCES 53 PART I: Invention, Design, and Construction 58 CHAPTER 1: Landscape and Setting 59 Approaches 59 Physical Geography 60 Climate and Microclimate 61 Ground Cover and Zoning 63 From Relief to Landscape 63 Agriculture, Gardens, and Groves 65 Mineral Resources 66 Ancient Responses: Affective, Artistic, and Architectural 68 FURTHER READING 71 REFERENCES 71 CHAPTER 2: Early Greek Temples 76 From the House of Rulers to the House of the Gods 76 The Emergence of the Greek Temple: Protogeometric Cult Buildings 80 The Birth of the Panhellenic Sanctuaries and the Development of the Temples 82 Altars, Cult Bases, Votives, and Dining Facilities 83 The Early Use of the Peristyle 87 The Peristyle in the Early Archaic period 89 The Temple of Apollo at Soros 91 Temples as Hestiatoria 93 FURTHER READING 94 REFERENCES 94 CHAPTER 3: Monumentality and Foreign Influence in Early Greek Temples 100 Monumental Scale 100 Peristyle 103 Stone Construction 106 Tile Roofs 109 Architectural Orders 109 Moldings 113 Foreign Influence: Egypt and the Near East 115 FURTHER READING 118 REFERENCES 118 CHAPTER 4: Origins and Design of Terracotta Roofs in the Seventh Century BCE 123 Introduction 123 The First Terracotta Roof Systems 124 Tile Manufacture and Technical Innovation 135 Conclusions 138 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 139 FURTHER READING 139 REFERENCES 139 CHAPTER 5: The Greek East 143 The Major Works 143 The Kroisos Temple 150 The Tunnel of Eupalinos 152 Intercultural Context 158 FURTHER READING 162 REFERENCES 162 CHAPTER 6: The Greek West 165 Introduction 165 The Geometric and Orientalizing Periods 166 The Early and Middle Archaic Periods 167 The Late Archaic Period 173 The Early Classical Period 177 The High Classical Period 181 The Late Classical and Hellenistic Periods 184 FURTHER READING 185 REFERENCES 185 CHAPTER 7: The Use of Geometry by Ancient Greek Architects 191 Geometry in Greece 191 Practical Applications in Greek Architectural Design 192 Tools and Drawings 195 Examples of Geometry in Use 196 Vitruvius’ Use of the Greek Tradition of Applied Geometry 206 FURTHER READING 208 REFERENCES 208 CHAPTER 8: How Buildings Were Constructed 211 Literary Sources and Building Inscriptions 211 Monumental Building Practices 213 Construction Materials 213 Quarrying and Transportation of Building Materials 215 Site Preparation and Foundations 216 Wall Construction 216 The Arch 222 Architectural Design 224 Refinements 227 FURTHER READING 230 REFERENCES 231 PART II: Temples and Sanctuaries 234 CHAPTER 9: “Internationalism” in Architecture 235 History and Topography of Olympia 236 Architecture at Olympia 239 Foundation I: The Treasury of Sikyon 242 Foundation II: The Treasury of Syracuse 246 Foundation IV: The Treasury of Epidamnos 246 Foundation IX: The Treasury of Selinous 247 Foundation X: The Treasury of Metapontum 247 Foundation XI: The Treasury of Megara 247 Foundation XII: The Treasury of Gela 248 Unattributed Architectural Elements 251 Philippeion 251 Internationalism at Olympia 252 FURTHER READING 252 REFERENCES 253 CHAPTER 10: Prestige in Greek Sanctuaries 256 Introduction 256 Prestige: The Story So Far 256 The Structure Itself 258 The Space around the Structure 260 The Experience of the Structure Over Time 264 Conclusions 268 FURTHER READING 269 REFERENCES 270 CHAPTER 11: The Periclean Acropolis 274 The Persian War and the Acropolis 276 Ruins as Monuments: The Acropolis North Wall 277 The Propylaia and the Temple of Athena Polias 278 The Mycenaean Era and the Periclean Acropolis 280 The Archaic Tradition of Procession 283 Non‐Processional Uses of the Ionic Order 288 Ionic as Direct Address to the City 290 The Monumental Effect of the Periclean Acropolis 291 FURTHER READING 294 REFERENCES 295 CHAPTER 12: Color and Carving 298 Color 301 Relief Sculpture 307 Sculpture in the Round 310 The Parthenon 311 FURTHER READING 314 REFERENCES 315 CHAPTER 13: Attic Sanctuaries 319 Geography and Politico-Spatial Organization 321 Panathenian Sanctuaries 323 Deme Sanctuaries 333 Conclusions 339 FURTHER READING 340 REFERENCES 340 CHAPTER 14: Inscribing Construction 344 Introduction 344 Building by Committee 345 Syngraphai 348 Works in Progress 350 Accounting 354 Inscriptions: Paper, Chisel, and Stone 356 FURTHER READING 358 REFERENCES 358 CHAPTER 15: The Interiors of Greek Temples 360 Light in the Interiors 360 Organization of Space 365 The Articulation and Placement of Interior Columns 367 Interior Stairs, Attics, and Basements 369 Cult Images 370 Reflecting Pools 371 Paintings and Votive Statues 371 Furnishings 374 Dedicated Vessels, Money, and Gold 376 Temples as Museums 377 Security 377 Rituals inside Temples 378 Visitors 379 FURTHER READING 380 REFERENCES 380 CHAPTER 16: Scale, Architects, and Architectural Theory 386 Scale Representation, Vision, and Architects 386 Construction Phases of the Didymaion 392 Theory, Nature, and Architecture 394 Metrology and Modularity in the Didymaion 395 Scale and Planning 397 Architects and Theory 401 FURTHER READING 404 REFERENCES 404 PART III: Civic Space 408 CHAPTER 17: Urban Planning and Infrastructure 409 Urban Planning 409 Stoas 417 Roads and Streets 419 Water Supply and Fountains 420 FURTHER READING 423 REFERENCES 423 CHAPTER 18: Protection and Trade 427 Early Greek Walled Cities 427 Circuits and Masonry Techniques in the Archaic Period 428 Transition in Design of Circuits in the Classical Period 440 The Late Classical Period on the Greek Mainland 443 Hellenistic Fortifications 447 Harbors 449 Ship Sheds 450 FURTHER READING 455 REFERENCES 455 CHAPTER 19: The Architecture of Greek Houses 459 Construction and Materials 459 Houses and the Urban Environment 465 The Planning and Layout of the Greek House 471 Developments in the Late Classical and Hellenistic Periods 478 FURTHER READING 479 REFERENCES 479 CHAPTER 20: Hellenistic Royal Palaces 482 Basileia 482 The Palace at Vergina 483 The Palace at Pella 486 Alexander’s Mobile Palace: the “Tent of One Hundred Couches” 489 The Palace at Alexandria 490 The Ptolemaic River Boat Palace 491 The Palace at Demetrias 492 The Palace at Pergamon 493 FURTHER READING 496 REFERENCES 496 CHAPTER 21: The Greek Agora 499 Origins 500 City Planning and Urban Design 503 Stoas 505 Fountains and Water 506 Civic Life and Politics 506 Commerce 508 Cult, Religion, and Festivals 510 Athletic Competition 511 Military Activity 512 Memorial Display and Public Honors 513 Conclusions 515 FURTHER READING 515 REFERENCES 516 CHAPTER 22: Athletics 518 Introduction 518 Footraces: Dromos and Stadion 519 Training and Wrestling: Gymnasia and Palaistrai 528 Equestrian Events: the Hippodrome 533 Conclusions 535 FURTHER READING 535 REFERENCES 536 CHAPTER 23: Greek Baths 539 Introduction 539 History of the Study of Greek Baths 539 Early Greek Baths 541 Western Greek Baths 543 Greek Baths in Egypt 549 Later Hellenistic Baths in Greece 551 FURTHER READING 554 REFERENCES 554 CHAPTER 24: Bouleuteria and Odeia 558 Bouleuteria 559 Odeia 564 Two Athenian Odeia 566 Enigmatic Buildings 570 Setting 572 Seating Capacity 573 Roofing 574 Summary 575 Further Research 575 Compendium 576 Appendix: Recently Excavated and/or Published Bouleuteria/Odeia 581 FURTHER READING 582 REFERENCES 582 CHAPTER 25: The Greek Theater 584 Form: Space, Plan, and Design 584 Function: Use and Purpose 594 Economy, Geometry, and Multiplicity: Moving beyond Dramatic Performance 598 FURTHER READING 600 REFERENCES 601 CHAPTER 26: Commemorating the Dead 604 Grave Markers 604 Tombs and Tomb Paintings 612 FURTHER READING 623 REFERENCES 623 PART IV: Reception 629 CHAPTER 27: The Spread of Greek Architecture 630 Pre-Hekatomnid Caria 630 Pre-Hekatomnid Labraunda 631 Hekatomnid Caria 632 The Hekatomnid Sanctuary at Labraunda 633 Andron B 635 North Stoa 640 Temple 640 Andron A 642 Oikoi 643 South and East Propyla 643 Doric Building, “Magazine Building,” and East Stoa 644 Architectural Significance and Impact 644 FURTHER READING 646 REFERENCES 647 CHAPTER 28: Pergamon and Pergamene Influence 650 Pergamon and Its Phases of Construction 652 The Pergamene Aesthetics of Space 657 The Royal District 660 The Great Altar 664 Pergamene Architecture outside Pergamon 667 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 671 FURTHER READING 671 REFERENCES 671 CHAPTER 29: New Directions in Hellenistic Sanctuaries 678 The Offset Axis: The Sanctuary of Athena Lindia, Rhodes 680 The Bent Axis: The Sanctuary of Asklepios at Kos 683 The Intentionally Circuitous: The Sanctuary of the Great Gods on Samothrace 686 Smaller-Scale Urban and Suburban Precincts: Priene, Megalopolis, and Pergamon 691 Hellenistic Interventions in the Old Sanctuaries: Stoas and Votive Monuments 692 Hellenistic Directions in Sacred Architectural Sculpture 694 Responses to the Larger Hellenistic World: The Sanctuaries of Foreign Gods and Sanctuaries in Foreign lands 695 Conclusions 696 FURTHER READING 696 REFERENCES 697 CHAPTER 30: Three Seaside Wonders 701 Seven Sights or Seven Wonders? 701 The Mausoleum of Halikarnassos (circa 350 BCE) 703 The Colossus of Rhodes 712 The Lighthouse of Alexandria 716 A Wonderful Afterlife 719 FURTHER READING 719 REFERENCES 720 CHAPTER 31: From Hellenistic to Roman Architecture 722 Chronology 722 Geography and Culture 725 Materials and Techniques 727 Architectural Type and Style 729 Patronage and Purpose 737 Theory and Meaning 739 FURTHER READING 741 REFERENCES 741 CHAPTER 32: Hellenistic Architecture in Italy: Consuetudo Italica 746 The Late Republic 747 The Power Culture of Senatorial Patronage 747 Public Patronage in Rome 748 Patronage: Centralized and Dispersed, Senatorial and Municipal 749 Architect and Builder 751 The Etrusco-Italic Tradition 755 New Models from Greece 756 The Discipline of the Greek Orders: The Hellenized Late Republican Temple 757 The Discipline of the Greek Orders: The Articulated Wall 760 The Ordering of Large Spaces: Basilica and Porticus 763 From Hellenistic to Roman 764 FURTHER READING 769 REFERENCES 769 CHAPTER 33: French Architectural Thought and the Idea of Greece 771 Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century French Views on Greek Architecture 771 The Rustic Hut 772 Evidence from Greek Buildings 777 From Travel to Archaeology 781 The Autonomy of Greece 788 Visual Experience of Form 789 Polychromy 791 Motion in Architecture 794 Conclusions 796 FURTHER READING 799 REFERENCES 799 CHAPTER 34: The Reception of Greek Architecture in Eighteenth-Century Britain 804 Introduction 804 Setting the Scene: Hagley Hall 805 The Neoclassical Mood 810 Antiquarianism and National Identity 813 Appropriating Ancient Greece 818 The Birth of the Greek Revival 819 FURTHER READING 822 REFERENCES 823 CHAPTER 35: Ancient Ruins and Their Preservation 830 Memory and its Preservation: Past and Present 830 Greece and the Preservation of Its Historical Remains 834 From an Empirical Approach to an Ideological One 837 The Ideology behind Modern Anastylosis 838 A Case Study: the East Porch of the Parthenon 840 Background to Decisions Governing the Restoration of the East Porch 844 Procedural and Historical Concerns 845 Preservation of Historical Evidence 846 Historical Inconsistency 847 Which Historical Phase to Restore? 848 A New Approach to the Pronaos Restoration 852 Epilogue 856 FURTHER READING 856 REFERENCES 857 Glossary 862 Index 874 End User License Agreement 995 Machine generated contents note:1.Landscape and Setting --2.Early Greek Temples /Betsey A. Robinson --3.Monumentality and Foreign Influence in Early Greek Temples /Alexander Mazarakis Ainian --4.Origins and Design of Terracotta Roofs in the Seventh Century BCE /Barbara A. Barletta --5.The Greek East: Temples and Engineering /Philip Sapirstein --6.The Greek West: Temples and their Decoration /John R. Senseney --7.The Use of Geometry by Ancient Greek Architects /Clemente Marconi --8.How Buildings Were Constructed /Rocco Leonardis --9."Internationalism" in Architecture: Olympia /Nancy L. Klein --10.Prestige in Greek Sanctuaries: Delphi /Nancy L. Klein --11.The Periclean Acropolis /Michael Scott --12.Color and Carving: Architectural Decoration in Mainland Greece /Robin F. Rhodes --13.Attic Sanctuaries /Jenifer Neils --14.Inscribing Construction: The Financing and Administration of Public Building in Greek Sanctuaries /Jessica Paga --15.The Interiors of Greek Temples /Robert K. Pitt --16.Scale, Architects, and Architectural Theory /Margaret M. Miles --17.Urban Planning and Infrastructure /John R. Senseney --18.Protection and Trade: Girding the City /Betsey A. Robinson --19.The Architecture of Greek Houses /Spencer Pope --20.Hellenistic Royal Palaces /Barbara Tsakirgis --21.The Greek Agora /Stella G. Miller --22.Athletics: Stadia, Gymnasia, Palaistrai, and Hippodromes /John McK. Camp II --23.Greek Baths /David Gilman Romano --24.Bouleuteria and Odeia /Sandra K. Lucore --25.The Greek Theater /John McK. Camp II --26.Commemorating the Dead: Grave Markers, Tombs, and Tomb Paintings, 400-30 BCE /Jessica Paga --27.The Spread of Greek Architecture: Labraunda /Olga Palagia --28.Pergamon and Pergamene Influence /Gretchen Umholtz --29.New Directions in Hellenistic Sanctuaries /Kristen Seaman --30.Three Seaside Wonders: Pharos, Mausoleum and Colossus /Bonna D. Wescoat --31.From Hellenistic to Roman Architecture /Ingrid D. Rowland --32.Hellenistic Architecture in Italy: Consuetudo Italica /Rhys F. Townsend --33.French Architectural Thought and the Idea of Greece /Thomas Noble Howe --34.The Reception of Greek Architecture in Eighteenth-Century Britain /Christopher Drew Armstrong --35.Ancient Ruins and Their Preservation: The Case Study of the Parthenon's East Porch /Jason M. Kelly 'A Companion to Greek Architecture' provides an expansive overview of the topic, including design, engineering, and construction as well as theory, reception, and lasting impact. A Companion to Greek Architecture provides an expansive overview of the topic, including design, engineering, and construction as well as theory, reception, and lasting impact. Covers both sacred and secular structures and complexes, with particular attention to architectural decoration, such as sculpture, interior design, floor mosaics, and wall painting Makes use of new research from computer-driven technologies, the study of inscriptions and archaeological evidence, and recently excavated buildings Brings together original scholarship from an esteemed group of archaeologists and art historians Presents the most up-to-date English language coverage of Greek architecture in several decades while also sketching out important areas and structures in need of further research