A Companion to Ethnicity in the Ancient Mediterranean : Companion to Ethnicity in the Ancient Mediterranean

__A Companion to Ethnicity in the Ancient Mediterranean__ presents a comprehensive collection of essays contributed by Classical Studies scholars that explore questions relating to ethnicity in the ancient Mediterranean world. * Covers topics of ethnicity in civilizations ranging from ancient Egypt and Israel, to Greece and Rome, and into Late Antiquity * Features cutting-edge research on ethnicity relating to Philistine, Etruscan, and Phoenician identities * Reveals the explicit relationships between ancient and modern ethnicities * Introduces an interpretation of ethnicity as an active component of social identity * Represents a fundamental questioning of formally accepted and fixed categories in the field Cover 1 Title Page 5 Copyright 6 Contents 7 Notes on Contributors 11 Acknowledgments 17 Chapter 1 Ethnicity: An Introduction 19 Large Gallic Ladies 19 What’s Bred in the Bone 22 Theorizing Ethnicity 24 The Greeks and their Neighbors 26 Urbis et Orbis 30 The Afterlife of Ethnicity 32 References 33 Further Reading 34 Chapter 2 Ethnicity and Language in the Ancient Mediterranean 35 Introduction 35 Language as a Marker of Ethnic Identity 36 Languages and Interethnic Relations in Prehistory 40 Ethnicity and Language Shift in the Roman Empire 43 Etruscan–Roman Rivalry in the Light of the Foundation Myth 45 Trade Relations and Issues of Ethnicity and Language 46 References 48 Further Reading 50 Chapter 3 Mediterranean Archaeology and Ethnicity 52 Introduction 52 Ethnicity 53 Ethnicity and Identity in the Material Record 54 Ethnicity and Archaeology in the Eastern Mediterranean 56 Conclusion 61 References 61 Further Reading 61 Chapter 4 Ethnicity and World-Systems Analysis 68 Introduction 68 World-Systems Analysis: Developments, Critiques, Revisions 71 Applications to European Prehistory 74 The Aegean 74 WSA and the Ancient World: Opportunities and Challenges 76 Acknowledgment 80 References 80 Further Reading 82 Chapter 5 Ancient Ethnicity and Modern Identity 84 Introduction 84 A Note on Terminology and Definitions 85 Primordial Legacies and Race Theories 85 Primordial Ethnicity 86 Essentialized Antiquity 87 Dynamic Ethnicities and Instrumentalism 88 Historical Constructions of Ethnicities 89 Embodied Ethnicities 90 The Dynamics of Ancient Ethnicities 91 Modern Discourses of Ancient Ethnicities 92 References 93 Further Reading 98 Chapter 6 Bronze Age Identities: From Social to Cultural and Ethnic Identity 100 Situating Bronze Age Identities—The Dialectics of Social, Cultural, and Ethnic Identities 100 Coexisting “National” and “International” Identities. Northern and Central Europe 1500–1300 BC 104 Polities and Local Identities: Ethnic Groups and Political Boundaries 107 Coping with Complexity: The Role of “Local,” “National,” and “International” Identities 109 References 111 Further Reading 114 Chapter 7 Networks and Ethnogenesis 115 Introduction 115 Network Methodologies and Antiquity 116 Network methodologies 117 Small Worlds 117 Scale-Free Networks 118 Centrality, Texts, and Relational Space 119 Material Networks and Relational Space 120 Social Network Analysis 121 Ethnogenesis and the Creation of Ethnic Identity in Antiquity 122 The Archaic Greeks 123 The Roman Jewish Diaspora 124 The Germanic Tribes 125 Future Developments 127 References 127 Further Reading 129 Chapter 8 Ethnic Identities, Borderlands, and Hybridity 130 Varieties of Amalgamation 130 Borderlands, Boundaries, and Frontiers 133 Hybrid Ethnicity and Borderlands in the Greco-Roman World 134 Hybridity and Syncretism 135 In the Bedroom 138 Mixture or Compound? 139 References 141 Further Reading 143 Chapter 9 Hittites and Anatolian Ethnic Diversity 145 Hatti and the Hittites 145 Forerunners of the Hittite Kingdom 147 Ethnic Diversity within the Kingdom 147 The Luwians, Luwiya, and Arzawa 148 Greeks in Anatolia 150 Tarhuntassa and Kizzuwatna 152 The Homeland’s Cultural and Ethnic Mix 153 The Significance of the Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions 154 The Hittites’ Successors in Iron Age Anatolia 155 Concluding Comments 157 References 158 Further Reading 159 Chapter 10 Hybridity, Hapiru, and the Archaeology of Ethnicity in Second Millennium BCE Western Asia 160 Introduction 160 Amorites, Hapiru, and Aramaeans 161 Second Millennium BCE Peoples of the Levant 166 Emergence of Early Israel 168 The Philistines 170 References 171 Further Reading 175 Chapter 11 Ethnicity in Empire: Assyrians and Others 176 Empire and Ethnicity 176 From City to Empire: The Growth of Assyrian Identity 178 Ethnicity at the Height of Empire 182 Ethnicity in Empire: The Perspective of the Conquered 185 Conclusion 187 References 188 Further Reading 192 Chapter 12 Achaemenids, Royal Power, and Persian Ethnicity 193 Ethnicity, Cultural Identity, and Persian Imperialism 193 From Cyrus to Darius: Formulating a Persian Identity 197 Ethnicity and Empire: “The King of the Lands of all Tongues” 200 Ethnicity and Responses to Persian Power: A View from the Satrapies 204 Conclusion 206 Note 206 References 207 Chapter 13 Nubian and Egyptian Ethnicity 212 Self and Other 212 Ethnic Self and Other in Ancient Egyptian Ideology 213 Case Studies from Nubia 216 Hekanefer, New Kingdom Nubian Prince 218 Foodways at New Kingdom Askut 220 Burial Practice at New Kingdom Tombos 222 Piankhi, Pharaoh of Egypt 223 Burial Practice at Napatan Tombos 225 Conclusions 226 References 227 Further Reading 230 Chapter 14 The Study of Greek Ethnic Identities 231 Framing the Study of Identity 231 Foregrounding Ethnicity 233 Ethnicity and Analysis 235 Ethnicity and Nation 237 Ethnological Reason 239 Conclusion 241 References 243 Further Reading 245 Chapter 15 Ethnicity and Local Myth 246 How History Began: Approaches to Ethnicity in Local Myths 246 Mind the Gap: Two Very Different Descriptions of Boiotia 249 The Double Foundation of Boiotian Thebes: The Interdependence of Polis-Bound and Ethnic Identity 251 The Boiotoi: Ethnicity on a Regional Level 253 Conclusion 256 References 257 Further Reading 258 Chapter 16 Autochthony in Ancient Greece 259 “Autochthōn” and Autochthonos 259 Greek Interest in Autochthony 261 Classical Athenian Autochthony 262 Greek Autochthony Outside Athens in the Classical Period 265 Autochthony in the Late Hellenistic and Roman Periods 268 Conclusion 269 Note 270 References 270 Further Reading 272 Chapter 17 Ethnicity and the Stage 274 Greeks and Barbarians on Stage 274 Ethnicity, Genealogy, Culture 275 Drama’s “Barbarian Rhetoric” 278 Persians and Trojans 281 References 283 Further Reading 286 Chapter 18 Ethnos and Koinon 288 Primordial versus Instrumental Identity 288 Ethnicity as Argument 290 Beyond Ethnicity: The Limits of the Argument 296 Conclusion 298 References 299 Further Reading 301 Chapter 19 Messenia, Ethnic Identity, and Contingency 303 Introduction 303 Old and New Messenians 304 Ethnogenesis on Mount Ithome 307 The Messenians of Naupactus 308 Messenians and Helots of Pylos 310 Conclusion 312 References 313 Further Reading 315 Chapter 20 Ethnicity and Geography 316 Introduction 316 Genealogy and Geography 317 Mapping Peoples, Populating Maps 319 Displacement: Migration, Colonization, Deportation, and Resettlement 323 References 327 Further Reading 328 Chapter 21 Black Sea Ethnicities 330 Surveying Black Sea Cultures 330 Greeks in the Black Sea 335 Assimilation, Blending, or Coexistence? 337 The Achaemenids 339 References 340 Further Reading 343 Chapter 22 Greeks and Phoenicians in the Western Mediterranean 345 Sicily Between Worlds 345 Phoenicians and Greeks in Sicily 345 Cultural Practices and “Middle Ground” 347 The Historiographical Conception of Ethnicity 350 Material Culture and Markers of Ethnicity 352 Greeks and Phoenicians in the Rest of the Western Mediterranean 355 References 356 Further Reading 357 Chapter 23 Herodotus and Ethnicity 359 Introduction 359 The Question of Blood 360 Ethnicity among the Greeks 361 Mixed Breeds 365 The Ethnicity of Non-Greeks 366 Custom King of All 367 Conclusion 370 References 371 Further Reading 372 Chapter 24 Ethnicity and Representation 374 Ethnic Others: What Does Ethnicity Look Like? 375 Style, Iconography, Contact, and Change 384 References 390 Further Reading 393 Chapter 25 Ethnicity: Greeks, Jews, and Christians 394 Introduction: Ethnicity and Religion 394 Christian Racial Thinking in the First Centuries 395 Ethnic Argumentation: Celsus 397 Ethnic Argumentation: Origen 400 Christians as a New Race 402 Conclusion 404 Note 405 References 405 Further Reading 406 Chapter 26 Greek Ethnicity and the Second Sophistic 408 Introduction 408 Levels of Greekness 409 The World of the Sophistic 410 Paideia, Language, and Ethnicity: Non-Ethnic Greekness? 411 Hellenic Genealogies 414 Hellenic, Local and Imperial 416 Conclusion: The Limits of Paideia 418 References 419 Further Reading 421 Chapter 27 Ethnicity and the Etruscans 423 Introduction 423 Modern Debate 424 Language 426 Nomenclature 427 Religion 429 Appearances 430 Biology 435 Others in Etruria 436 References 437 Further Reading 439 Chapter 28 Romans and Jews 441 Denying the Dichotomy 441 Resistance and Reaction 442 Roman Power and Jewish Interpretation 444 Roman Attitudes 446 Conversion and Manumission 449 References 452 Further Reading 453 Chapter 29 Romans and Italians 455 Roman Plural Identity 455 Ancient Italic Identities 459 Epilogue 469 References 470 Further Reading 471 Chapter 30 Roman Elite Ethnicity 473 An Elite Discourse 473 The Aristocratic Origins of Roman Ethnicity 474 The Italian Family 478 Beyond Italy 482 Conclusion: Mappa Imperii 484 References 485 Further Reading 486 Chapter 31 Ethnicity in Roman Religion 488 Entertaining Diversity 488 A Plurality of (Ethnic) Religions 490 Dealing with Ethnic Diversity 493 References 497 Further Reading 500 Chapter 32 Ethnicity and Gender 501 Introduction 501 Defining Ethnicity in Ancient Italy 502 The Inside Perspective: Ethnicity and Gender in Visual and Material Culture 503 Ethnic Categorization: Gender and the Ethnic Stereotype 505 Gender, Ethnicity, and Cultural Change 508 Conclusions 511 References 511 Further Reading 514 Chapter 33 Ethnicity in the Roman Northwest 515 Sources and Scenarios 515 The Batavi 516 The Treveri 520 Oppidum Ubiorum/Ara Ubiorum/Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium—Cologne 524 A Counter Example: Pannonia 526 References 529 Further Reading 531 Chapter 34 Lucanians and Southern Italy 532 The Term “Lucanian” 533 The Lucanians as an Ethnic Group 535 Ancient Greek and Roman Perceptions of the Lucanians 535 Lucanian Self-Identification 538 Origin of the Name “Lucanian” 541 Conclusion 542 Notes 543 References 543 Further Reading 544 Chapter 35 Who Are You? Africa and Africans 545 Becoming African 545 Locale, Region, and Empire 548 Territory and Identity 550 Limits of Interpretation 552 Tribes, Towns, and Territories 554 References 556 Further Reading 558 Chapter 36 Becoming Roman Again: Roman Ethnicity and Italian Identity 559 Introduction: Unification 559 Patrimony and Politics 561 Mussolini and Romanitas 564 Making New Italians 567 Note 569 References 569 Further Reading 571 Chapter 37 Goths and Huns 573 The Events 573 Migration-Age Ethnicity: Problems and Debates 574 Goths and Gothicness 576 Debating Gothic Identity 578 Migrations 580 Did Ethnicity Matter? 581 Traditions, Myths, and Memories 582 References 584 Further Reading 586 Index 587 EULA 598 Content: Notes on Contributors ix Acknowledgments xv 1 Ethnicity: An Introduction 1 Jeremy McInerney 2 Ethnicity and Language in the Ancient Mediterranean 17 Harald Haarmann 3 Mediterranean Archaeology and Ethnicity 34 A. Bernard Knapp 4 Ethnicity and World-Systems Analysis 50 Thomas D. Hall 5 Ancient Ethnicity and Modern Identity 66 Johannes Siapkas 6 Bronze Age Identities: From Social to Cultural and Ethnic Identity 82 Kristian Kristiansen 7 Networks and Ethnogenesis 97 Anna C. F. Collar 8 Ethnic Identities, Borderlands, and Hybridity 112 Gary Reger 9 Hittites and Anatolian Ethnic Diversity 127 Trevor R. Bryce 10 Hybridity, Hapiru, and the Archaeology of Ethnicity in Second Millennium BCE Western Asia 142 Ann E. Killebrew 11 Ethnicity in Empire: Assyrians and Others 158 Geoff Emberling 12 Achaemenids, Royal Power, and Persian Ethnicity 175 Jennifer Gates-Foster 13 Nubian and Egyptian Ethnicity 194 Stuart Tyson Smith 14 The Study of Greek Ethnic Identities 213 Nino Luraghi 15 Ethnicity and Local Myth 228 Angela Ganter, nee Kuhr 16 Autochthony in Ancient Greece 241 James Roy 17 Ethnicity and the Stage 256 Efi Papadodima 18 Ethnos and Koinon 270 Emily Mackil 19 Messenia, Ethnic Identity, and Contingency 285 Alexander Thein 20 Ethnicity and Geography 298 Philip Kaplan 21 Black Sea Ethnicities 312 Gocha R. Tsetskhladze 22 Greeks and Phoenicians in the Western Mediterranean 327 Corinne Bonnet 23 Herodotus and Ethnicity 341 Rosaria Vignolo Munson 24 Ethnicity and Representation 356 S. Rebecca Martin 25 Ethnicity: Greeks, Jews, and Christians 376 Aaron P. Johnson 26 Greek Ethnicity and the Second Sophistic 390 Adam M. Kemezis 27 Ethnicity and the Etruscans 405 Nancy T. de Grummond 28 Romans and Jews 423 Erich S. Gruen 29 Romans and Italians 437 Gary D. Farney 30 Roman Elite Ethnicity 455 Parshia Lee-Stecum 31 Ethnicity in Roman Religion 470 Jorg Rupke 32 Ethnicity and Gender 483 Kathryn Lomas 33 Ethnicity in the Roman Northwest 497 Ursula Rothe 34 Lucanians and Southern Italy 514 John W. Wonder 35 Who Are You? Africa and Africans 527 Brent D. Shaw 36 Becoming Roman Again: Roman Ethnicity and Italian Identity 541 Valentina Follo 37 Goths and Huns 555 Walter Pohl Index 569 Ethnicity : An Introduction / Jeremy Mcinerney -- Ethnicity And Language In The Ancient Mediterranean / Harald Haarmann -- Mediterranean Archaeology And Ethnicity / A. Bernard Knapp -- Ethnicity And World-systems Analysis / Thomas D. Hall -- Ancient Ethnicity And Modern Identity / Johannes Siapkas -- Bronze Age Identities : From Social To Cultural And Ethnic Idenitty / Kristian Kristiansen -- Networks And Ethnogenesis / Anna C. F. Collar -- Ethnic Identities, Borderlands, And Hybridity / Gary Reger -- Hittites And Anatolian Ethnic Diversity / Trevor R. Bryce -- Hybridity, Hapiru, And The Archaeology Of Ethnicity In Second Millennium Bce Western Asia / Ann E. Killebrew -- Ethnicity In Empire : Assyrians And Others / Geoff Emberling -- Achaemenids, Royal Power, And Persian Ethnicity / Jennifer Gates-foster -- Nubian And Egyptian Ethnicity / Stuart Tyson Smith -- The Study Of Greek Ethnic Identities / Nino Luraghi -- Ethnicity And Local Myth / Angela Ganter, Née Kühr --^ Autochthony In Ancient Greece / James Roy -- Ethnicity And The Stage / Efi Papadodima -- Ethnos And Koinon / Emily Mackil -- Messenia, Ethnic Identity, And Contingency / Alexander Thein -- Ethnicity And Geography / Philip Kaplan -- Black Sea Ethnicities / Gocha R. Tsetskhladze -- Greeks And Phoenicians In The Western Mediterranean / Corinne Bonnet -- Herodotus And Ethnicity / Rosaria Vignolo Munson -- Ethnicity And Representation / S. Rebecca Martin -- Ethnicity : Greeks, Jews, And Christians / Aaron P. Johnson -- Greek Ethnicity And The Second Sophistic / Adam M. Kemezis -- Ethnicity And The Etruscans / Nancy T. De Grummond -- Romans And Jews / Erich S. Gruen -- Romans And Italians / Gary D. Farney -- Roman Elite Ethnicity / Parshia Lee-stecum -- Ethnicity In Roman Religion / Jörg Rüpke -- Ethnicity And Gender / Kathryn Lomas -- Ethnicity In The Roman Northwest / Ursula Rothe -- Lucanians And Southern Italy / John W. Wonder -- Who Are You? : Africa And Africans / Brent D. Shaw --^ Becoming Roman Again : Roman Ethnicity And Italian Identity / Valentina Follo -- Goths And Huns / Walter Pohl. Edited By Jeremy Mcinerney. Includes Bibliographical References At End Of Contributions And Index. "In recent years, ethnic conflicts and "ethnic cleansing" have become all-too familiar topics in the news and have focused renewed academic attention on the subject of ethnic identity. A Companion to Ethnicity in the Ancient Mediterranean presents a comprehensive collection of essays that explore questions relating to ethnicity and cultural identity in the societies if the ancient Mediterranean world. Featuring contributions from a wide range of Ancient Studies scholars and specialists from around the world, chapters span diverse civilizations ranging from ancient Egypt and Israel, through Greece and Rome, into Late Antiquity. Essays explore modern theories of ethnic identity formation and reveal the perennial complexity of questions relating to ethnicity. A discussion of ethnicity by ancient and modern writers also offers a vector of interpretation vital to the understanding of many foundational cultures. Scholarly and thought-provoking, A Companion to Ethnicity in the Ancient Mediterranean offers extraordinary insights into the roots of ancient ethnic identities and their links to the modern world." -- Publisher's description

A Companion to Ethnicity in the Ancient Mediterranean presents a comprehensive collection of essays contributed by Classical Studies scholars that explore questions relating to ethnicity in the ancient Mediterranean world.

• Covers topics of ethnicity in civilizations ranging from ancient Egypt and Israel, to Greece and Rome, and into Late Antiquity
• Features cutting-edge research on ethnicity relating to Philistine, Etruscan, and Phoenician identities
• Reveals the explicit relationships between ancient and modern ethnicities
• Introduces an interpretation of ethnicity as an active component of social identity
• Represents a fundamental questioning of formally accepted and fixed categories in the field