A Brief History of Equality

A New York Times Book Review Editors’ Choice “An opportunity for readers to see Piketty bring his larger argument about the origins of inequality and his program for fighting it into high relief.” —Nicholas Lemann, New York Times The world’s leading economist of inequality presents a short but sweeping and surprisingly optimistic history of human progress toward equality despite crises, disasters, and backsliding. A perfect introduction to the ideas developed in his monumental earlier books. It’s easy to be pessimistic about inequality. We know it has increased dramatically in many parts of the world over the past two generations. No one has done more to reveal the problem than Thomas Piketty. Now, in this surprising and powerful new work, Piketty reminds us that the grand sweep of history gives us reasons to be optimistic. Over the centuries, he shows, we have been moving toward greater equality. Piketty guides us with elegance and concision through the great movements that have made the modern world for better and worse: the growth of capitalism, revolutions, imperialism, slavery, wars, and the building of the welfare state. It’s a history of violence and social struggle, punctuated by regression and disaster. But through it all, Piketty shows, human societies have moved fitfully toward a more just distribution of income and assets, a reduction of racial and gender inequalities, and greater access to health care, education, and the rights of citizenship. Our rough march forward is political and ideological, an endless fight against injustice. To keep moving, Piketty argues, we need to learn and commit to what works, to institutional, legal, social, fiscal, and educational systems that can make equality a lasting reality. At the same time, we need to resist historical amnesia and the temptations of cultural separatism and intellectual compartmentalization. At stake is the quality of life for billions of people. We know we can do better, Piketty concludes. The past shows us how. The future is up to us. A New York Times Book Review Editors' Choice A Public Books Best Book of the Year "A profound and optimistic call to action and reflection. For Piketty, the arc of history is long, but it does bend toward equality. There is nothing automatic about it, however: as citizens, we must be ready to fight for it, and constantly (re)invent the myriad of institutions that will bring it about. This book is here to help." —Esther Duflo "A sustained argument for why we should be optimistic about human progress...[Piketty] has laid out a plan that is smart, thoughtful, and motivated by admirable political convictions." —Gary Gerstle, Washington Post "Thomas Piketty helped put inequality at the center of political debate. Now, he offers an ambitious program for addressing it...This is political economy on a grand scale, a starting point for debate about the future of progressive politics." —Michael J. Sandel, author of The Tyranny of Merit "[Piketty] argues that we're on a trajectory of greater, not less, equality and lays out his prescriptions for remedying our current corrosive wealth disparities." —David Marchese, New York Times Magazine It's easy to be pessimistic these days. We know that inequality has increased dramatically over the past two generations. Its ravages are increasingly impossible to ignore. But the grand sweep of history gives us reasons for hope. In this short and surprisingly optimistic history of human progress, the world's leading economist of inequality shows that over the centuries we have been moving, fitfully and inconsistently but inexorably, toward greater equality. Thomas Piketty guides us through the seismic movements that have made the modern world: the birth of capitalism, the age of revolution, imperialism, slavery, two world wars, and the building of the welfare state. He shows that through it all, societies have moved toward a more just distribution of income and assets, reducing racial and gender inequalities and offering greater access to health care, education, and the rights of citizenship. To keep moving, he argues, we need to commit to legal, social, fiscal, and educational systems that can make equality a lasting reality, while resisting the temptations of cultural separatism. At stake is the quality of life for billions of people. We know we can do better. But do we dare? The world's leading economist of inequality presents a short but sweeping - and surprisingly optimistic - history of human progress toward equality, despite crises, disasters, and backsliding. It's easy to be pessimistic about inequality. We know it has increased dramatically in many parts of the world over the past two generations. Now, in this surprising and powerful work, the author reminds us that the grand sweep of history gives us reasons to be optimistic. Over the centuries, he shows, we have been moving toward greater equality. The author guides readers with elegance and concision through the great movements that have made the modern world for better and worse: the growth of capitalism, revolutions, imperialism, slavery, wars, and the building of the welfare state. It's a history of violence and social struggle, punctuated by regression and disaster. But through it all, the author shows, human societies have moved fitfully toward a more just distribution of income and assets, a reduction of racial and gender inequalities, and greater access to health care, education, and the rights of citizenship. Our rough march forward is political and ideological, an endless fight against injustice. To keep moving, the author argues, we need to learn and commit to what works, to institutional, legal, social, fiscal, and educational systems that can make equality a lasting reality. At the same time, we need to resist historical amnesia and the temptations of cultural separatism and intellectual compartmentalization. At stake is the quality of life for billions of people. We know we can do better, the author concludes. The past shows us how. The future is up to us. -- Adapted from publisher's description " Les questions économiques sont trop importantes pour être laissées à une petite classe de spécialistes et de dirigeants. La réappropriation citoyenne de ce savoir est une étape essentielle pour transformer les relations de pouvoir. " T. P. En présentant l'évolution en longue durée des inégalités entre classes sociales dans les sociétés humaines, Thomas Piketty propose une perspective nouvelle sur l'histoire de l'égalité. Il s'appuie sur une conviction forte forgée au fil de ses recherches : la marche vers l'égalité est un combat qui vient de loin, et qui ne demande qu'à se poursuivre au xxie siècle, pour peu que l'on s'y mette toutes et tous. Thomas Piketty est directeur d'études à l'EHESS, professeur à l'Ecole d'économie de Paris et codirecteur du Laboratoire sur les inégalités mondiales (World Inequality Lab, WIL). Il est notamment l'auteur du Capital au xxie siècle (2013) et de Capital et Idéologie (2019). Contents Acknowledgements The Movement toward Equality: The First Milestones The Slow Deconcentration of Power and Property The Heritage of Slavery and Colonialism The Question of Reparations Revolution, Status, and Class The “Great Redistribution”: 1914–1980 Democracy, Socialism, and Progressive Taxation Real Equality against Discrimination Exiting Neocolonialism Toward a Democratic, Ecological, and Multicultural Socialism Contents in Detail List of Tables and Illustrations Index "In this powerful new work, Thomas Piketty reminds us that rising inequality is not inevitable. Over the centuries, we have been moving toward greater equality. Piketty guides us with elegance and concision through the great movements that have made the modern world and shows how we can learn from them to make equality a lasting reality" A summary of how inequality has decreased over time, an examination of the mechanisms involved in the decrease, and suggestions about what must be done to continue the decrease.