5th International Conference on New Developments in Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering : proceedings of ZM 2022

This volume highlights the latest advances and innovations in the field of soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering, as presented by leading international researchers and engineers at the 5th International Conference on New Developments in Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ZM), held in Nicosia, Northern Cyprus on June 30-July 2, 2022. It covers a diverse range of topics such as soil properties and characterization; shallow and deep foundations; soil improvement; excavations, support systems, earth-retaining structures and underground systems; earthquake geotechnical engineering; stability of slopes and landslides; fills and embankments; environmental preservation, water and energy; modelling and analyses in geotechnical engineering. The contributions, which were selected by means of a rigorous international peer-review process, present a wealth of exciting ideas that will open novel research directions and foster multidisciplinary collaboration among different specialists. Committees Preface Contents Keynote Lectures Bearing Capacity of Shallow Strip Foundation on Granular Soil Under Eccentric, Inclined and Eccentrically Inclined Loading—A Review 1 Introduction 2 Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Strip Foundation—Centric Loading 3 Foundation on Granular Soil Subjected to Vertical Eccentric Loading 3.1 Meyerhof’s Solution 3.2 Analysis of Prakash and Saran [21] 3.3 Reduction Factor Method 4 Load-Settlement Relationship for Eccentrically Loaded Foundation 5 Strip Foundation Subjected to Inclined Load 5.1 Meyerhof’s Solution 5.2 Theoretical Solution of Dubrova 5.3 Empirical Correlations 6 Strip Foundation Subjected to Eccentrically Inclined Load 7 Eccentrically Inclinded Loading—Partially Compensated Case 7.1 Effective Area Method [15] 7.2 Theoretical Analysis of Saran and Agarwal [23] 7.3 Numerical Analysis by Louikidis et al. [11] 7.4 Empirical Correlations 7.5 Numerical Analysis of Krabbenhoft et al. [9] 8 Eccentrically Inclined Loading—Reinforced Case 8.1 Numerical Analysis by Loukidis et al. [11] 8.2 Empirical Correlations 8.3 Numerical Analysis of Krabbenhoft et al. [9] 9 Eccentrically Inclined Loading—Combined Case 10 Conclusions References Static and Dynamic Behavior of Shallow Foundation Reinforced by Honey Cell Modular Block 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Laboratory Model Tests 3.1 Static Behavior of Reinforcement with Hollow Modular Block 3.2 Dynamic Behavior of Reinforcement with Hollow Modular Block 4 Result and Analysis 5 Conclusion References The “Site Recognition Challenge” in Data-Driven Site Characterization 1 Introduction 2 Site Recognition Challenge 3 Big Indirect Data (BID) 4 Quasi-Site-Specific Transformation Model 4.1 Probabilistic Multiple Regression 4.2 Hybridization 4.3 Hierarchical Bayesian Model 4.4 Record Similarity Method 4.5 Site Similarity Method 5 Conclusions References New Tool for the Measurement of Soils’ Shear Strength 1 Introduction 2 The Cylindrical Shear Tool (CST) 2.1 Tool Design 2.2 Testing Procedure 2.3 Determination of Soil Shear Strength Parameters 3 Determination of Soft Soils’ Undrained Cohesion: An Update 4 Determination of Cohesion Less Soils’ Friction Angle: First Investigation 4.1 Characterization of the Granular Soil 4.2 Determination of the Friction Angle of Cohesion Less Soil from the DST and CST Results 5 Conclusions References Soil Properties and Characterization Final Apparatus Design and Measuring of Apparent Swelling Pressure of Compacted Bentonite 1 Introduction 2 Apparatus Design 3 Test Program 4 Test Results and Discussions 5 Conclusion References Volume Change Behavior of Natural Sands with the Addition of Mica Particles 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Oedometer Tests 3.2 Triaxial Tests 4 Conclusions References Estimation of Compression Index of Lightly Overconsolidated Soils from In-Situ Time-Settlement Plots 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Estimation of Compression Index 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Case Study 1 (Suvarnabhumi International Airport) 3.2 Case Study 2 (Mukasa Express Way) 4 Conclusions References Granular Soil Relationship Between Angle of Internal Friction and Uniformity Coefficient 1 Introduction 2 Sample Preparation and Testing 3 Results 4 Conclusion References Mechanical Strength Tests of Building Blocks of the Historical British Government Building in Famagusta, North Cyprus 1 Introduction 1.1 Extent of Devastation 1.2 Foundation and Bed Rock 1.3 Status of Building Blocks 1.4 Atmospheric Decomposition 2 Laboratory Methods 2.1 Sample Preparation 2.2 Test Equipment 3 Rock Typing 4 Test Results 5 Conclusions References Using Compression and Swelling Indices to Characterize Expansive Soils 1 Introduction 2 About Expansive Soils 3 Characterization Methods 4 Approach to Characterize Expansive Soils from Oedometer Test Results 5 Conclusion References Probabilistic Interpretation of CPTu-DMT Data for Soil Profiling 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Single CPTu Analysis Workflow 3 Illustrative Example: Llobregat Delta Site 4 Conclusions References Clay Soil Stabilization Using Xanthan Gum and Sodium Alginate as Biopolymers 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Method 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Atterberg Limits 3.2 Compaction Properties 3.3 Unconfined Compressive Strength 4 Conclusions References Estimation of OCR and Compression Index by Different Methods 1 Introduction 2 Interpretation of σc 3 Results and Interpretation 3.1 Comparison of OCR Obtained from Different Methods 3.2 Comparison of Cc Obtained from Different Methods 4 Conclusions References Shallow and Deep Foundations Limit Load Exemplary Analyses of Foundations Accidentally Placed on Sand Underlain by Peat Using Their Various Parameters 1 Introduction 2 Material Model 3 Methods 4 Results 5 Conclusions References Interaction of Laterally Loaded Free Head Barrette Pile in Elastic Soils 1 Introduction 2 3D Numerical Analyses 3 Conclusions References Environmental Preservation, Water, and Energy Influence of Thermal Cycles on the Volume Change of Ulexite Added Sand-Bentonite Mixtures 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Materials 2.2 Test Methods 3 Test Results 4 Conclusions References Assessment of Climate Impact and Costs Comparing Two Railway Embankment Fill Methods 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Studied Part of the High-Speed Railway Project “New Main Lines” 2.2 Life Cycle Assessment Method 2.3 Life Cycle Cost Analysis Method 2.4 System Boundaries and Functional Unit 3 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis (LCI) 3.1 Crushed Bedrock Method Input Data 3.2 Stabilized Sandy till Method Input Data 4 Results 4.1 Climate Impact 4.2 Life Cycle Cost 5 Discussion 6 Concluding Remarks References Modelling Field Trial to Rapidly Classify Soil Using Computer Vision with Electric Resistivity and Soil Strength 1 Introduction 1.1 Background 1.2 Current Classification Methods 2 Literature Review 2.1 Previous Research 2.2 Apparent Resistivity 2.3 Moisture Content 2.4 Cone Penetrometer Test (CPT) 3 Methodology 3.1 Experimental Setup 3.2 Apparent Resistivity Using Wenner’s Array 3.3 Moisture Content Using TDR 3.4 In-House CPT Cone 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Homogeneous Soil (Test 1 with GE and Test 2 with SC) 4.2 Layered Soil (Test 3 with GE-SC and Test 4 with SC-GE) 5 Conclusion References Influence of Excess Pore Pressure Development on Inertial Pile Response 1 Introduction 2 Numerical Analysis Model 3 Soil Characteristics and Material Model Parameters 4 Results of Numerical Analyses 4.1 Excess Pore Water Pressure Response 4.2 Load–displacement Curves 5 Conclusions References Numerical Study of Uplift Induced Levee Failure for the Design of a Centrifuge Test 1 Introduction 2 Numerical Modelling 2.1 Geometry and Materials 2.2 Hydro-Mechanical Soil Properties 2.3 Initial and Boundary Conditions and Testing Sequence 2.4 Results and Discussion 3 Remarks and Conclusions References Emerging Subjects in Geotechnical Engineering Prediction of Load Capacities of Closed-Ended Piles Using Boosting Machine Learning Methods 1 Introduction 2 Database Collection 3 Machine Learning Methods 3.1 eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) 3.2 Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LigthGBM) 3.3 Categorical Boosting (CatBoost) 4 Feature Selection via a Model Interpretability Method 4.1 Shapley Additive Explanation (SHAP) Method 5 Results 5.1 Analysis with CEP Database 5.2 Global Interpretation 6 Conclusions References Shear Strength Behavior of Perlite Added Sand-Bentonite Mixtures Under Room Temperature and Thermal Cycles 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Materials 2.2 Methods 3 Results 4 Conclusions References Role of BIM for Different Phases of Geotechnical Investigation of the Transport Infrastructure 1 Basic Principles of BIM 2 Role of Geotechnical Engineering in BIM Process 3 BIM Process for Transport Infrastructure 4 Relationship Between the Phases of Geotechnical Investigation and Geotechnical Design 5 First Three Phases of the Geotechnical Investigation for Transport Infrastructure 5.1 Desk Study 5.2 Preliminary GI 5.3 Design GI 5.4 BIM Model of the Real Geotechnical Structure Execution 6 Conclusion References Use of Neural Networks to Predict Correlations Between CPT and PMT Tests for Clay and Marl Soils 1 Introduction 2 Review of Existing PMT-CPT Correlations 2.1 Situation, Geological and Hydrogeological Contexts of Studied Site 2.2 Geotechnical Data and Soil Properties of the Site 2.3 Analysis of CPT and PMT Data Using ANN 2.4 Result and Discussion 3 Conclusions References Stability of Slopes and Landslides Numerical Analysis of Slope Instability Due to Water Pipe Leakage 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Slope Model and Soil Properties 2.2 Seepage and Stability Analyses 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Effect of Flow Rates 3.2 Effect of Progressively Increasing Flow Rate 4 Conclusions References GIS Susceptibility Maps for Shallow Landslides: A Case Study in Shawinigan, Quebec, Canada 1 Introduction 2 Previous Studies 3 The Study Area 4 Methodology 5 Results and Conclusions References Determination of Critical Height of Unsupported Vertical Cuts Using Experimental and Numerical Methods 1 Introduction 2 Testing Program 3 Numerical Analysis 4 Summary and Conclusions References Slope Stability Analysis of Open-Pit Mines Using Statistical Methods 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Probalistic Analysis 2.2 Softwares 3 Case Study 3.1 The Investigated Area 3.2 Geology 3.3 Input Data 3.4 Results 4 Conclusion References Investigation of Ground Stability of the Surroundings of the “Statue of Peace and Freedom”, Alsancak-North Cyprus 1 Introduction 2 Mass Movements and Ground Problems 2.1 Geomorphological Features of the Study Area 2.2 Geological Features 3 Mobility Observations on the Foundation of the Statue 4 Factors Affecting Ground Mobility in the Vicinity of the Peace and Freedom Statue 4.1 Ground Rock Type 4.2 Water Effect 4.3 Gravity Effect 5 Conclusions and Recommendations References Dynamic Response Analysis of Highway Embankments 1 Introduction 2 Numerical Study 3 Results 4 Conclusions References Motion Analysis of Ground Failure Considering Rainfall and Ground Water Migration in Sandy Slopes 1 Introduction 2 Model Test Set-Up and Derivation of Fs 2.1 Test Set-Up 2.2 Derivation of Fs 3 Result and Discussion 3.1 Soil Moisture Content and Pore-Water Pressure 3.2 Safety Factor of Slope and Groundwater Migration 3.3 Motion Analysis 4 Conclusions References Excavations, Support Systems, Earth-Retaining Structures and Underground Systems Experimental Investigation and Visualization of Failure Surfaces in Pipe-Soil Interaction Problems Using PIV Technique 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Studies 2.1 Experimental Setup 2.2 Soil Properties 2.3 Experimental Method 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering and Associated Problems P-Y Curves for Piles in Sand Based on the SPT Test–Parametric Study and Practical Recommendations 1 Introduction 2 Parameters of the P-Y Curve 3 Parametric Study 3.1 Dimensional Analysis of the Problem 3.2 Features of the Model 3.3 Discussion of the Parametric Study Results 4 Conclusion References Behaviour of Embedded Beam Formulations Under Dynamic Loading 1 Introduction 2 Numerical Model Characteristics 3 Free Vibration Analysis 4 Response to Harmonic Excitation 5 Conclusions References Estimation of Ground Motion at One of the Damaged Building Sites Following the October 30, 2020, Samos Earthquake 1 Introduction 2 Deconvolution Process of Ground Motion 2.1 Deconvolution Process of Camdibi Sites 3 Validation of the Estimated Ground Motion 3.1 Comparison of the Estimated and Recorded Motion 4 Case Study: SSI Effect on a Nine Storey Building 5 Conclusion References Analysis of the Pile Foundation Calculation Results Given the Action of an Earthquake and Soaking of the Loess Base 1 Introduction 2 Brief Description of the Methodology 3 Methods and Materials 4 Results of the Analytical Calculation 5 Analysis of the Results 6 Conclusion References Proposal of a Model Setup for Verification of the Origin of High Frequency Motion in Soil 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Numerical Model 2.2 Constitutive Model 2.3 Discretization and Boundary Conditions 3 Results 4 Summary References A Comparison Study Between 1D and 2D Site Response Analyses Based on Observed Earthquake Acceleration Records 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Results 4 Conclusions References Subsurface Study of Flowslide Liquefaction in Petobo, Palu, Indonesia 1 Introduction 2 Seismicity 3 Site Investigations 3.1 Soil Profile 3.2 Groundwater Monitoring 3.3 Liquefaction Evaluation 4 Conclusions References Deformation of Earthquake Resistant Gravel-Tire Chips Mixture as Drains 1 Introduction 2 Model Experiment 2.1 Test Model 2.2 Test Conditions 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Settlement 3.2 Excess Pore Water Pressure Ratio 3.3 Velocity Fields 4 Conclusions References Special Subjects in Geotechnical Engineering Evaluation of Relationships Between Strength Properties of Rock Samples and Drilling Rate Index 1 Introduction 2 In-Situ Applications 2.1 Project Site Information 2.2 Geotechnical Formations 3 Experimental Research 3.1 Uniaxial Compressive Strength Test 3.2 Schmidt Hammer Rebound Hardness Test 3.3 Drillability of Rock Core Samples 4 Evaluation of Experimental Research 5 Conclusions References Unsaturated Geomechanical and Physicochemical Characterisation of Soils Used for Adobe Blocks 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Soil Sample 2.2 Organic Content 2.3 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)—Energy Diffractometry Spectroscopy (EDS) 2.4 Soil–Water Characteristic Curve (SWCC) 2.5 Shear Box Test 3 Results and Discussions 3.1 SEM–EDS 3.2 Unsaturated Shear Strength 4 Summary and Conclusions References Soil Improvement The Evaluation of Stone Column and Jet Grouting Soil Improvement by Conducting a Comprehensive Experimental Program 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Study 2.1 Experimental Study for Jet Grout Columns Test Area 2.2 Experimental Study for Stone Column Test Area 3 Test Results Study 3.1 Jet Grout Column Test Area Results 3.2 Stone Column Test Area Results 4 Discussion and Conclusions References Feasibility Study of Transforming Excavated Clayey Soil into ‘Sand-Like’ Material 1 Introduction 1.1 Sintering 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Excavated Clayey Soil 2.2 Production of ‘Sand-Like’ Material 2.3 Characterisation of Sintered Product ‘Sand-Like’ Material 3 Results and Discussions 3.1 Sintered Percentage 3.2 Physical Properties of “Sand-Like” Material 3.3 Mineralogy and Soil Fabric 3.4 Acid and Saltwater Dissolvability 4 Conclusions References Estimation of Modular Ratio and Modulus of Deformation of Granular Piles from in Situ Compression Tests Under Direct Loading 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Case Studies 3.1 Case Study 1 3.2 Case Study 2 3.3 Case Study 3 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Results–Case Study 1 4.2 Results–Case Study 2 4.3 Results–Case Study 3 5 Conclusion References Resilient Modulus as a Technical Parameter for Evaluating the Cement-Stabilized Soil 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Materials 2.2 Methods 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Effect of Freeze–Thaw Cycles on the Strength of a Nanosilica and Lime Treated Clay 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Testing Methods 2.1 Materials 2.2 Testing Methods 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 The Effect of Lime 3.2 The Effect of Nanosilica 3.3 The Binary Effect of Nanosilica and Lime 4 Conclusion References Improvement of Shear Strength of Fine-Grained Soils by Waste Glass 1 Introduction 2 Research Significance 3 Materials 3.1 Soil 3.2 Waste Glass 4 Results and Discussions 4.1 Direct Shear Test 4.2 Microstructural Analysis of WG in Fine Soil 5 Conclusion References