5G physical layer : principles, models and technology components / Ali Zaidi, Fredrik Athley, Jonas Medbo, Ulf Gustavsson, Giuseppe Durisi, Xiaoming Chen

5G Physical Layer: Principles, Models and Technology Components explains fundamental physical layer design principles, models and components for the 5G new radio access technology – 5G New Radio (NR). The physical layer models include radio wave propagation and hardware impairments for the full range of frequencies considered for the 5G NR (up to 100 GHz). The physical layer technologies include flexible multi-carrier waveforms, advanced multi-antenna solutions, and channel coding schemes for a wide range of services, deployments, and frequencies envisioned for 5G and beyond. A MATLAB-based link level simulator is included to explore various design options. 5G Physical Layer is very suitable for wireless system designers and researchers: basic understanding of communication theory and signal processing is assumed, but familiarity with 4G and 5G standards is not required. With this book the reader will learn: The fundamentals of the 5G NR physical layer (waveform, modulation, numerology, channel codes, and multi-antenna schemes). Why certain PHY technologies have been adopted for the 5G NR. The fundamental physical limitations imposed by radio wave propagation and hardware impairments. How the fundamental 5G NR physical layer functionalities (e.g., parameters/methods/schemes) should be realized. The content includes: A global view of 5G development – concept, standardization, spectrum allocation, use cases and requirements, trials, and future commercial deployments. The fundamentals behind the 5G NR physical layer specification in 3GPP. Radio wave propagation and channel modeling for 5G and beyond. Modeling of hardware impairments for future base stations and devices. Flexible multi-carrier waveforms, multi-antenna solutions, and channel coding schemes for 5G and beyond. A simulator including hardware impairments, radio propagation, and various waveforms. Ali Zaidi is a strategic product manager at Ericsson, Sweden. Fredrik Athley is a senior researcher at Ericsson, Sweden. Jonas Medbo and Ulf Gustavsson are senior specialists at Ericsson, Sweden. Xiaoming Chen is a professor at Xi'an Jiaotong University, China. Giuseppe Durisi is a professor at Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden, and a guest researcher at Ericsson, Sweden. Cover 5G Physical Layer: Principles, Models and Technology Components Copyright Dedication Acknowledgments List of Acronyms 1 Introduction: 5G Radio Access 1.1 Evolution of Mobile Communication 1.2 5G New Radio Access Technology 1.3 5G NR Global View 1.3.1 5G Standardization 1.3.2 Spectrum for 5G 1.3.3 Use Cases for 5G eMBB: URLLC: mMTC: 1.3.4 5G Field Trials 1.3.5 5G Commercial Deployments 1.4 Preview of the Book References 2 NR Physical Layer: Overview 2.1 Radio Protocol Architecture 2.2 NR PHY: Key Technology Components 2.2.1 Modulation 2.2.2 Waveform 2.2.3 Multiple Antennas 2.2.4 Channel Coding 2.3 Physical Time-Frequency Resources 2.4 Physical Channels 2.5 Physical Signals 2.6 Duplexing Scheme 2.7 Frame Structure 2.8 PHY Procedures and Measurements 2.9 Physical Layer Challenges 2.9.1 Propagation Related Challenges 2.9.2 Hardware Related Challenges References 3 Propagation & Channel Modeling 3.1 Propagation Fundamentals 3.1.1 Electromagnetic Waves 3.1.2 Free-Space Propagation 3.1.3 Scattering and Absorption 3.2 Propagation Channel Characterization 3.2.1 Frequency-Delay Domain 3.2.2 Doppler-Time Domain 3.2.3 Directional Domain 3.3 Experimental Channel Characteristics 3.3.1 Measurement Techniques 3.3.1.1 Continuous Wave 3.3.1.2 Vector Network Analyzer 3.3.1.3 Correlation-Based Channel Sounding 3.3.1.4 Directional Characteristics 3.3.2 Analysis Methods 3.3.2.1 Spectral Analysis 3.3.2.2 Superresolution Methods 3.3.2.3 Measurement Comparability 3.3.3 Transmission Loss Measurements 3.3.3.1 Indoor Office Scenario 3.3.3.2 Outdoor-to-Indoor Scenario 3.3.3.3 Outdoor Street Scenario 3.3.3.4 Outdoor Urban Over Rooftop Scenario 3.3.4 Delay Domain Measurements 3.3.4.1 Indoor Office 3.3.4.2 Outdoor-to-Indoor 3.3.4.3 Outdoor Street Canyon Scenario 3.3.4.4 General Frequency Trend in Delay Domain 3.3.5 Directional Domain Measurements 3.3.5.1 Indoor Office Wideband Results at 60 GHz 3.3.5.2 Indoor Office Multifrequency Results 3.3.5.3 Urban Macrocell Outdoor Results at 5 GHz 3.4 Channel Modeling 3.4.1 5G Stochastic Channel Models 3.4.1.1 Transmission Loss Modeling 3.4.1.2 Multipath Directional and Delay Modeling 3.4.1.3 Spatial Consistency 3.4.2 Geometry-Based Modeling 3.4.2.1 Blockage 3.5 Summary and Future Work References 4 Mathematical Modeling of Hardware Impairments 4.1 RF Power Amplifiers 4.1.1 The Volterra Series 4.1.2 Common Subsets of the Volterra Series 4.1.2.1 Static Polynomial Third-Order Static Polynomial 4.1.2.2 A Note on Odd-Even and Odd Orders 4.1.2.3 Memory Polynomial 4.1.2.4 Generalized Memory Polynomial 4.1.3 Global vs. Local Basis Functions 4.1.4 Experimental Model Validation 4.1.4.1 Quantifying Modeling Performance 4.1.5 Mutually Orthogonal Basis Functions 4.1.6 Multi-Antenna Environments and Mutual Coupling 4.2 Oscillator Phase Noise 4.2.1 Phase-Noise Power Spectrum and Leeson's Equation 4.2.2 Phase-Noise Modeling: Free-Running Oscillator 4.2.3 Phase-Noise Modeling: Phase-Locked Loop 4.3 Data Converters 4.3.1 Modeling of Quantization Noise 4.4 Statistical Modeling 4.4.1 The Bussgang Theorem and the System Model 4.5 Stochastic Modeling of Power Amplifiers 4.6 Oscillator Phase Noise 4.7 Stochastic Modeling of Data Converters 4.8 Model Concatenation and Simulations 4.8.1 Signal-to-Interference and Noise Ratio 4.8.2 Simulations 4.8.3 Simulation Results References 5 Multicarrier Waveforms 5.1 Multicarrier Waveforms 5.1.1 The Principle of Orthogonality 5.1.2 OFDM-Based Waveforms 5.1.2.1 Cyclic Prefix OFDM 5.1.2.2 Windowed OFDM 5.1.2.3 Filtered OFDM 5.1.2.4 Universally Filtered OFDM 5.1.3 Filter Bank-Based Waveforms 5.1.3.1 FBMC-OQAM 5.1.3.2 FBMC-QAM 5.2 Single Carrier DFTS-OFDM 5.3 Waveform Design Requirements for 5G NR 5.4 Key Performance Indicator for NR Waveform Design 5.5 Waveform Comparison for NR 5.5.1 Frequency Localization 5.5.2 Power Efficiency 5.5.3 Time-Varying Fading Channel 5.5.4 Baseband Complexity 5.5.4.1 CP-OFDM 5.5.4.2 W-OFDM 5.5.4.3 UF-OFDM 5.5.4.4 FBMC-OQAM 5.5.5 Phase-Noise Robustness Comparison 5.5.5.1 Phase-Noise Effect in OFDM 5.5.5.2 Phase-Noise Effect in FBMC-QAM 5.5.5.3 Phase-Noise Effect in FBMC-OQAM References 6 NR Waveform 6.1 Suitability of OFDM for NR 6.2 Scalable OFDM for NR 6.2.1 Why 15 kHz as Baseline Numerology? 6.2.2 Why 15x2n kHz Scaling? 6.3 OFDM Numerology Implementation 6.3.1 Phase Noise 6.3.2 Cell Size, Service Latency, and Mobility 6.3.3 Multiplexing Services 6.3.4 Spectral Confinement 6.3.5 Guard Band Considerations 6.3.6 Implementation Aspects 6.4 Improving Power Efficiency of NR Waveform 6.4.1 Techniques With Distortion 6.4.2 Distortion-less Techniques 6.5 Effects of Synchronization Errors 6.5.1 Effect of Timing Offset 6.5.2 Effect of Carrier Frequency Offset 6.5.3 Sampling Frequency Offset 6.6 Impairment Mitigation 6.6.1 A Phase-Noise Mitigation Scheme 6.6.2 CFO and SFO Mitigation References 7 Multiantenna Techniques 7.1 The Role of Multiantenna Techniques in NR 7.1.1 Low Frequencies 7.1.2 High Frequencies 7.2 Multiantenna Fundamentals 7.2.1 Beam-Forming, Precoding, and Diversity 7.2.2 Spatial Multiplexing 7.2.2.1 SU-MIMO Precoding 7.2.2.2 MU-MIMO Precoding 7.2.2.3 MIMO Receivers 7.2.3 Antenna Array Architectures 7.2.3.1 Digital Arrays 7.2.3.2 Analog Arrays 7.2.3.3 Hybrid Arrays 7.2.3.4 A Millimeter-Wave Antenna Array System Prototype 7.2.4 UE Antennas 7.2.5 Antenna Ports and QCL 7.2.6 CSI Acquisition 7.2.6.1 Reciprocity Based 7.2.6.2 Feedback Based 7.2.7 Massive MIMO 7.3 Multiantenna Techniques in NR 7.3.1 CSI Acquisition 7.3.1.1 Interference Measurements 7.3.2 Downlink MIMO Transmission 7.3.3 Uplink MIMO Transmission 7.3.4 Beam Management 7.3.4.1 Beam Acquisition During Initial Access 7.3.4.2 Beam Management Procedures 7.3.4.3 Beam Measurement and Reporting 7.3.4.4 Beam Indication 7.3.4.5 Beam Recovery 7.3.4.6 Uplink Beam Management 7.4 Experimental Results 7.4.1 Beam-Forming Gain 7.4.2 Beam Tracking 7.4.3 System Simulations References 8 Channel Coding 8.1 Fundamental Limits of Forward Error Correction 8.1.1 The Binary AWGN Channel 8.1.2 Coding Schemes for the Binary-AWGN Channels 8.1.3 Performance Metrics 8.2 FEC Schemes for the Bi-AWGN Channel 8.2.1 Introduction 8.2.2 Some Definitions 8.2.3 LDPC Codes 8.2.3.1 Fundamentals of LDPC Codes 8.2.3.2 The LDPC-Code Solution Chosen for 5G NR 8.2.4 Polar Codes 8.2.4.1 Fundamentals of Polar Codes 8.2.4.2 The Polar-Code Solution Chosen for 5G NR Deterministic Reliability Ordering Parity-Check Coding Rate Adaptation 8.2.5 Other Coding Schemes for the Short-Blocklength Regime 8.2.5.1 Short Algebraic Linear Block Codes With Ordered-Statistics Decoding 8.2.5.2 Linear Block Codes With Tail-Biting Trellises 8.2.5.3 Nonbinary LDPC Codes 8.2.5.4 Performance 8.3 Coding Schemes for Fading Channels 8.3.1 The SISO Case 8.3.2 The MIMO Case References 9 Simulator 9.1 Simulator Overview 9.2 Functional Modules 9.2.1 Channel Model 9.2.2 Power Amplifier Model 9.2.3 Phase-Noise Model 9.2.4 Synchronization 9.2.5 Channel Estimation and Equalization 9.3 Waveforms 9.3.1 CP-OFDM 9.3.2 W-OFDM 9.3.3 UF-OFDM 9.3.4 FBMC-OQAM 9.3.5 FBMC-QAM 9.4 Simulation Exercises 9.4.1 Spectral Regrowth 9.4.2 Impairment of CFO 9.4.3 Impairment of PN 9.4.4 Impairment of Fading Channel References Index Back Cover __5G Physical Layer: Principles, Models and Technology Components__ explains fundamental physical layer design principles, models and components for the 5G new radio access technology - 5G New Radio (NR). The physical layer models include radio wave propagation and hardware impairments for the full range of frequencies considered for the 5G NR (up to 100 GHz). The physical layer technologies include flexible multi-carrier waveforms, advanced multi-antenna solutions, and channel coding schemes for a wide range of services, deployments, and frequencies envisioned for 5G and beyond. A MATLAB-based link level simulator is included to explore various design options. 5G Physical Layer is very suitable for wireless system designers and researchers: basic understanding of communication theory and signal processing is assumed, but familiarity with 4G and 5G standards is not required. With this book the reader will learn: * The fundamentals of the 5G NR physical layer (waveform, modulation, numerology, channel codes, and multi-antenna schemes). * Why certain PHY technologies have been adopted for the 5G NR. * The fundamental physical limitations imposed by radio wave propagation and hardware impairments. * How the fundamental 5G NR physical layer functionalities (e.g., parameters/methods/schemes) should be realized. * A global view of 5G development - concept, standardization, spectrum allocation, use cases and requirements, trials, and future commercial deployments. * The fundamentals behind the 5G NR physical layer specification in 3GPP. * Radio wave propagation and channel modeling for 5G and beyond. * Modeling of hardware impairments for future base stations and devices. * Flexible multi-ca 5G Physical Principles, Models and Technology Components explains fundamental physical layer design principles, models and components for the 5G new radio access technology 5G New Radio (NR). The physical layer models include radio wave propagation and hardware impairments for the full range of frequencies considered for the 5G NR (up to 100 GHz). The physical layer technologies include flexible multi-carrier waveforms, advanced multi-antenna solutions, and channel coding schemes for a wide range of services, deployments, and frequencies envisioned for 5G and beyond. A MATLAB-based link level simulator is included to explore various design options. 5G Physical Layer is very suitable for wireless system designers and basic understanding of communication theory and signal processing is assumed, but familiarity with 4G and 5G standards is not required. With this book the reader will The content Ali Zaidi is a strategic product manager at Ericsson, Sweden. Fredrik Athley is a senior researcher at Ericsson, Sweden. Jonas Medbo and Ulf Gustavsson are senior specialists at Ericsson, Sweden. Xiaoming Chen is a professor at Xian Jiaotong University, China. Giuseppe Durisi is a professor at Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden, and a guest researcher at Ericsson, Sweden. With this book the reader will The content