50 Years of Artificial Intelligence: Essays Dedicated to the 50th Anniversary of Artificial Intelligence (Lecture Notes in Computer Science (4850))

This Festschrift volume, published in celebration of the 50th Anniversary of Artificial Intelligence, includes 34 refereed papers written by leading researchers in the field of Artificial Intelligence. The papers were carefully selected from the invited lectures given at the 50th Anniversary Summit of AI, held at the Centro Stefano Franscini, Monte Verità, Ascona, Switzerland, July 9-14, 2006. The summit provided a venue for discussions on historical, business, political and educational perspectives of AI; scientific exchange on the state of the art; speculations about the future; contributions by researchers from different but related areas; presentations of the latest research by top scientists in the field; as well as many informal discussions among the participants and visitors. The selected papers reflect the breadth of the topics presented and discussed at the summit, covering subjects ranging from the history and prospects of AI, to speech recognition and processing, linguistics, bionics, and consciousness. The papers are organized in topical sections on Historical and Philosophical Issues; Information Theory and Quantification; Morphology and Dynamics; Neurorobotics; Machine Intelligence, Cognition, and Natural Language Processing; Human-Like Intelligence: Motivation, Emotions, and Consciousness; Robot Platforms; and Art and AI. front-matter......Page 1 Introduction......Page 9 Trends......Page 10 Challenges and Outlook......Page 12 References......Page 14 The Physical Symbol System Hypothesis: Status and Prospects......Page 17 Introduction......Page 26 Prologue (1956): The Information Processing View......Page 27 Act I (1960s): Heuristic Search and Knowledge Representation......Page 29 Act II (1980s): Neural Networks......Page 30 Act III (1990s): Embodiment and Multi-agent Systems......Page 31 Act IV (2000s): Semiotic Dynamics......Page 32 Epilogue: Peeking into the Future......Page 34 References......Page 36 Highlights of AI History---From Gödel to 2006......Page 37 No Brain Without a Body / AI Becoming a Formal Science......Page 40 Formal AI Definitions......Page 41 Universal, Mathematically Optimal, But Incomputable AI......Page 42 Fully Self-referential, Self-improving Gödel Machine......Page 43 Practical Algorithms for Program Learning......Page 44 The Next 25 Years......Page 45 A Pattern in the History of Revolutions?......Page 46 Introduction and Motivation......Page 50 Experimental Results......Page 52 Effect of Restraining Joints and of Environment Modification......Page 53 The Bioloid Robotic Platform......Page 54 Implementation of Simulated Robots......Page 55 Discussion and Looking Ahead......Page 57 References......Page 58 Philosophical Preliminaries......Page 61 The Birth of AI......Page 63 Enaction......Page 66 Conclusion......Page 68 Introduction......Page 71 Theories of Cognition......Page 72 A Philosophical Stalemate......Page 73 An Empirical Resolution......Page 74 The Failure of Embodied-Embedded AI?......Page 75 Bodily Self-regulation......Page 76 Sensorimotor Coupling and Intersubjective Interaction......Page 77 A Fully Enactive AI?......Page 78 An Empirical Stalemate......Page 79 A Phenomenological Resolution......Page 80 Conclusion......Page 81 References......Page 82 Introduction......Page 84 Categorization in the Real World......Page 85 Information Self-structuring......Page 86 On Morphology, Dynamics, and Control......Page 88 On the Interaction of Physical and Information Processes......Page 90 References......Page 91 Introduction: Information Self-structuring in Ontogeny......Page 95 Information Distance......Page 96 Experience Distance......Page 97 Development of Artificial Cortex: Using Information Theory as a Means for Self-organizing Sensorimotor Structures Grounded in Experience......Page 98 Temporally Extended Experience and Interaction Histories......Page 101 Summary and Outlook......Page 103 Introduction......Page 107 Information as a Guiding Principle......Page 108 Structure of Information......Page 110 Virtue Out of Necessity: Parsimony as Organizational Principle......Page 113 Outstanding Research Issues......Page 114 Final Remarks......Page 116 References......Page 118 Introduction......Page 120 On the Information Metrics of Intelligent Moving Bodies......Page 123 A Self Organizing Network Model for Embodied Agent Communication Pragmatics Coevolution......Page 127 References......Page 130 Introduction......Page 132 Distributed Nature of Learning and Memory in Brain......Page 134 Distributed Memory......Page 135 Distributed Learning......Page 136 Test Conditions and Algorithms......Page 137 Environment as a Common Memory......Page 138 An Implicit Learning Process......Page 139 Conclusions and Future Works......Page 140 Introduction......Page 142 ``Cheap Design" for Locomotion......Page 143 Body Dynamics for Behavioral Diversity......Page 145 Control and Learning Through Body Dynamics......Page 147 Discussion: Challenges and Perspectives......Page 149 Introduction......Page 152 The Method......Page 153 The Control Algorithm......Page 154 Experiments......Page 157 Discussion: Lessons from This Case Study......Page 158 Conclusion......Page 160 Introduction......Page 162 Approach......Page 164 Integration of Bacteria with the Microrobot Body......Page 165 Bacteria Attached Micro-bead Propulsion Experiments......Page 167 Chemical Stimulus Based On/Off Motion Control......Page 168 Conclusions......Page 169 References......Page 170 Introduction......Page 172 Sensors......Page 173 Sensor Chemicals......Page 174 Sensor Mode Selection......Page 175 Experiment I: Rare Events Are Detected......Page 176 Experiment II: Simultaneous Activity Is Observed for All......Page 177 Future Work......Page 179 Introduction......Page 182 Memory Mechanisms in the Brain Are Not Physically Separable from Processing Mechanisms......Page 184 With NI, the Details of the Substrate Matter......Page 185 NI Uses LOTS of Cellular Diversity......Page 186 What Do We Not Know About How Brains Work, But Could Learn?......Page 188 New Neuroscience Tools......Page 189 Neuroscience to AI and Back Again......Page 190 References......Page 191 Introduction......Page 194 Synthesis and Analysis of Minimal Recurrent Neural Controllers......Page 195 Conclusions......Page 202 Introduction......Page 204 Synaptic Plasticity......Page 206 Behavior of a Single Neuron......Page 207 Simulations......Page 208 Obstacle Avoidance Control......Page 209 Discussion and Outlook......Page 211 Brain Area V6A: A Cognitive Model for an Embodied Artificial Intelligence......Page 214 The Parietal Area V6A......Page 215 Visual Neurons Able to Localize Objects in Space......Page 217 Somatosensory Neurons Monitoring Arm Position in Space......Page 220 Neurons Encoding Planning and Execution of Reaching Movements......Page 221 Neurons Encoding the Grasping Phase of Prehension......Page 224 Links to Robotics Research......Page 226 References......Page 227 Introduction......Page 229 The Body and Its Surroundings......Page 230 FMRI Settings......Page 231 Facing Individual Changes......Page 232 Evaluation Procedure......Page 233 Results......Page 234 Discussion......Page 235 Conclusions......Page 237 Introduction......Page 240 Turing Test and Derivatives......Page 241 Compression Tests......Page 242 Competitive Games......Page 243 Smith's Test......Page 244 C-Test......Page 245 Universal Intelligence......Page 246 Summary......Page 247 Introduction......Page 251 State of the Art......Page 252 Towards an Object Based Representation of Space......Page 255 Towards Object Classification......Page 257 Towards a Structure Based Representation of Space......Page 258 Perspectives from a User Study......Page 260 Future Work......Page 261 Conclusion......Page 262 Introduction......Page 265 Anticipation: Coordinating with the Future......Page 268 Anticipation in Natural and Artificial Cognition......Page 270 Conclusions......Page 274 Introduction......Page 279 Audio-Visual Perceptual Technologies......Page 280 Human-Human Computer Support Services......Page 286 Cross-Lingual Human-Human Communication Services......Page 287 Domain-Limited Portable Speech Translators......Page 288 Translation of Parliamentary Speeches and Broadcast News......Page 289 Unlimited Domain Simultaneous Translation......Page 291 The Long Tail of Language......Page 292 References......Page 293 When AI Was Born: The Symbolic Era......Page 296 When AI Began to Crawl: The Era of Behaviour Based Systems......Page 297 Growing Up Socially: The Era of Developmental and Social Robotics......Page 300 The Social Roots of Human Intelligence......Page 301 The Social Roots of Artificial Intelligence......Page 302 Socially Intelligent Robots in the 21st Century: Challenges and Opportunities......Page 304 The Future of AI: Who We Are, and What We Can Become?!......Page 307 References......Page 308 Introduction......Page 311 Intrinsic Motivation in Psychology and Neuroscience......Page 312 The Route to Intrinsically Motivated Machines......Page 314 An Example of Architecture......Page 315 Experiments......Page 317 The Future of Intrinsically Motivated Machines......Page 320 The Second Half of AI......Page 323 On Creativity......Page 325 Conclusion......Page 326 References......Page 327 Introduction......Page 328 Rational-Emotional Architecture......Page 329 Overview on Data Fusion and Ordered Weighted Averaging(OWA)......Page 332 Decision Making Algorithm......Page 333 Experimental Results......Page 335 Conclusion and Future Works......Page 337 References......Page 338 Access Consciousness......Page 340 The Self, Intentions, and Theory of Mind......Page 341 Language......Page 342 Phenomenal Consciousness or "Feel"......Page 343 Three Properties of Raw Feel......Page 345 Neurophysiological Explanations for Feel......Page 346 The Sensorimotor Approach......Page 347 The Localisation of Touch Sensation......Page 350 Change Blindness......Page 351 References......Page 352 Introduction in the Biological Inspiration of the Robot ZAR5......Page 355 Why an Embodiment Close to a Biological Archetype?......Page 356 Humanoid Robot ZAR5 in the Face of the Embodied AI......Page 358 The Muscle-Tendon System......Page 360 The Joints......Page 361 The Control Architecture......Page 362 Novelty of the Approach and Future Challenges......Page 363 References......Page 364 Enactive Cognition: Why Create a Cognitive Humanoid Robot?......Page 366 Why Open-Systems?......Page 368 The $iCub$ Robot: Mechanical and Electronic Specifications......Page 369 The $iCub$ Software Architecture......Page 370 The $iCub$ Cognitive Architecture: An Infrastructure for Developmental Learning and Cognition......Page 371 The $iCub$ Phylogeny: Innate Abilities......Page 372 The $iCub$ Ontongeny: A Scenario for Development......Page 373 Summary......Page 374 Introduction......Page 378 Industrial Robot Interfaces......Page 379 Katana – An Intelligent Personal Robot in Industrial Applications......Page 380 Artificial Intelligence and Optimization Algorithms......Page 384 Fields of Applications......Page 389 Challenges for the Future......Page 391 References......Page 392 Introduction......Page 394 Science Stories......Page 395 Applying Personae to Developing Entities......Page 397 The AILAB......Page 399 The AILAB Islands and Their Respective Populations......Page 400 Summary......Page 405 References......Page 406 back-matter......Page 407 Max Lungarella ... [et Al.] (eds.). 50th Anniversary Summit Of Ai ... Held At Centro Stefano Franscini, Monte Verità, Ascona, Switzerland, July 9-14, 2006--pref. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Also Issued Online.