۴G: LTE/LTE-Advanced برای پهنای باند موبایل

LTE (Long Term Evolution) is the 3GPP's (3rd Generation Partnership Project) new standard and accompanying technologies that mobile network operators such as ATT, Verizon and TeliaSonera are adopting for their networks. To move to higher-speed networks that can cater to customer demand for mobile broadband multimedia applications, the 3GPP has developed the latest LTE-Advanced (LTE Release 10) standard, which will be fixed in December 2010. This book focuses on LTE and LTE-Advanced, and provides engineers with real insight and understanding into the why and how of the standard and its related technologies. This book is written by engineers from Ericsson--the world's leading telecommunications supplier--who was heavily involved in the development of the standard. Follow-up to the very successful 3G Evolution, now focusing on LTE and LTE Advanced standard and its accompanying technologies Complete and clear explanation of LTE Advanced by the people who played a leading role in its development, which will enable engineers to quickly grasp the latest 3GPP Release 10 standard and implement it in their products Not a contributed book as most others on this topic are: this book gives an integrated introduction to the technologies and the standard 4G LTE/LTE-Advanced for Mobile Broadband 2 Copyright 5 Preface 6 Acknowledgements 7 Abbreviations and Acronyms 9 Background of LTE 17 Introduction 17 Evolution of Mobile Systems Before LTE 18 The First 3G Standardization 19 ITU Activities 20 IMT-2000 and IMT-Advanced 20 Spectrum for IMT Systems 22 Drivers for LTE 23 Standardization of LTE 24 The Standardization Process 24 The 3GPP Process 25 The 3G Evolution to 4G 27 High Data Rates in Mobile Communication 31 High Data Rates: Fundamental Constraints 31 High Data Rates in Noise-Limited Scenarios 33 Higher Data Rates in Interference-Limited Scenarios 34 Higher Data Rates Within A Limited Bandwidth: Higher-Order Modulation 35 Higher-Order Modulation in Combination with Channel Coding 36 Variations in Instantaneous Transmit Power 36 Wider Bandwidth Including Multi-Carrier Transmission 37 Multi-Carrier Transmission 39 OFDM Transmission 43 Basic Principles of OFDM 43 OFDM Demodulation 45 OFDM Implementation Using IFFT/FFT Processing 46 Cyclic-Prefix Insertion 48 Frequency-Domain Model of OFDM Transmission 50 Channel Estimation and Reference Symbols 51 Frequency Diversity with OFDM: Importance of Channel Coding 52 Selection of Basic OFDM Parameters 53 OFDM Subcarrier Spacing 54 Number of Subcarriers 55 Cyclic-Prefix Length 56 Variations in Instantaneous Transmission Power 56 OFDM as a User-Multiplexing and Multiple-Access Scheme 57 Multi-Cell Broadcast/Multicast Transmission and OFDM 59 Wider-Band “Single-Carrier” Transmission 61 Equalization Against Radio-Channel Frequency Selectivity 61 Time-Domain Linear Equalization 61 Frequency-Domain Equalization 63 Other Equalizer Strategies 65 Uplink FDMA with Flexible Bandwidth Assignment 66 DFT-spread OFDM 68 Basic Principles 68 DFTS-OFDM Receiver 70 User Multiplexing with DFTS-OFDM 71 Distributed DFTS-OFDM 71 Multi-Antenna Techniques 75 Multi-Antenna Configurations 75 Benefits of Multi-Antenna Techniques 76 Multiple Receive Antennas 76 Multiple Transmit Antennas 81 Transmit-Antenna Diversity 81 Delay Diversity 81 Cyclic-Delay Diversity 82 Diversity by Means of Space–Time Coding 82 Diversity by Means of Space–Frequency Coding 84 Transmitter-Side Beam-Forming 84 Spatial Multiplexing 87 Basic Principles 87 Precoder-Based Spatial Multiplexing 90 Nonlinear Receiver Processing 91 Scheduling, Link Adaptation, and Hybrid ARQ 95 Link Adaptation: Power and Rate Control 95 Channel-Dependent Scheduling 97 Downlink Scheduling 97 Uplink Scheduling 101 Link Adaptation and Channel-Dependent Scheduling in the Frequency Domain 103 Acquiring on Channel-State Information 103 Traffic Behavior and Scheduling 104 Advanced Retransmission Schemes 105 Hybrid ARQ with Soft Combining 106 LTE Radio Access: An Overview 111 Basic Principles 112 Transmission Scheme 112 Channel-Dependent Scheduling and Rate Adaptation 113 Inter-Cell Interference Coordination 115 Hybrid ARQ with Soft Combining 115 Multi-Antenna Transmission 116 Spectrum Flexibility 116 Flexibility in Duplex Arrangement 116 Bandwidth Flexibility 118 LTE Release 9 118 Multicast and Broadcast Support 118 Positioning 119 Dual-Layer Beam-Forming 119 LTE Release 10 and IMT-Advanced 119 Carrier Aggregation 120 Extended Multi-Antenna Transmission 120 Relaying 121 Heterogeneous Deployments 121 Terminal Capabilities 121 Radio-Interface Architecture 125 Overall System Architecture 125 Core Network 125 Radio-Access Network 127 Radio Protocol Architecture 127 Radio-Link Control 129 Medium-Access Control 131 Logical Channels and Transport Channels 132 Scheduling 134 Hybrid ARQ with Soft Combining 137 Physical Layer 139 Control-Plane Protocols 140 State Machine 141 Physical Transmission Resources 143 Overall Time–Frequency Structure 143 Normal Subframes and Mbsfn Subframes 147 Carrier Aggregation 148 Frequency-Domain Location Of LTE Carriers 150 Duplex Schemes 151 Frequency-Division Duplex (FDD) 152 Time-Division Duplex (TDD) 153 LTE and TD-SCDMA Coexistence 156 Downlink Physical-Layer Processing 159 Transport-Channel Processing 159 Processing Steps 159 CRC Insertion Per Transport Block 160 Code-Block Segmentation and Per-Code-Block CRC Insertion 161 Channel Coding 162 Rate Matching and Physical-Layer Hybrid-ARQ Functionality 163 Bit-Level Scrambling 163 Data Modulation 164 Antenna Mapping 164 Resource-Block Mapping 165 Localized and Distributed Resource Mapping 165 Downlink Reference Signals 168 Cell-Specific Reference Signals 169 Structure of a Single Reference Signal 169 Multiple Reference Signals 171 Demodulation Reference Signals 172 CSI Reference Signals 174 CSI-RS Structure 175 Muted CSI-RS 177 Multi-Antenna Transmission 177 Transmit Diversity 179 Transmit Diversity for Two Antenna Ports 179 Transmit Diversity for Four Antenna Ports 180 Codebook-Based Precoding 181 Closed-Loop Operation 183 Open-Loop Operation 184 Non-Codebook-Based Precoding 185 Downlink Multi-User MIMO 187 MU-MIMO within Transmission Modes 8/9 187 MU-MIMO Based on CRS 188 Downlink L1/L2 Control Signaling 189 Physical Control Format Indicator Channel 190 Physical Hybrid-ARQ Indicator Channel 193 Physical Downlink Control Channel 195 Downlink Scheduling Assignment 197 Signaling of Downlink Resource-Block Allocations 201 Signaling of Transport-Block Sizes 203 Uplink Scheduling Grants 205 Signaling of Uplink Resource-Block Allocations 208 Carrier Aggregation and Cross-Carrier Scheduling 209 Power-Control Commands 211 PDCCH Processing 211 Blind Decoding of PDCCHs 215 Uplink Physical-Layer Processing 219 Transport-Channel Processing 219 Processing Steps 219 Mapping to the Physical Resource 221 PUSCH Frequency Hopping 223 Hopping Based on Cell-Specific Hopping/Mirroring Patterns 223 Hopping Based on Explicit Hopping Information 225 Uplink Reference Signals 226 Uplink Demodulation Reference Signals 226 Basic Principles of Uplink DM-RS 227 Phase-Rotated Reference-Signal Sequences 229 Reference-Signal Assignment to Cells 230 Sequence Hopping 232 Multiple Demodulation Reference Signals 232 Uplink Sounding Reference Signals 233 Periodic SRS Transmission 233 Aperiodic SRS Transmission 236 Uplink Multi-Antenna Transmission 237 Precoder-Based Multi-Antenna Transmission for PUSCH 237 Uplink Multi-User MIMO 240 PUCCH Transmit Diversity 242 Uplink L1/L2 Control Signaling 242 Uplink L1/L2 Control Signaling on PUCCH 243 PUCCH Format 1 245 PUCCH Format 2 250 PUCCH Format 3 252 Simultaneous Transmission of Multiple Feedback Reports 254 Resource-Block Mapping for PUCCH 257 Uplink L1/L2 Control Signaling on PUSCH 258 Uplink Timing Alignment 261 Retransmission Protocols 263 Hybrid ARQ with Soft Combining 264 Downlink Hybrid ARQ 267 Uplink Hybrid ARQ 267 Hybrid-ARQ Timing 271 Radio-Link Control 275 Segmentation, Concatenation, and Reassembly of RLC SDUs 276 RLC Retransmission 277 In-Sequence Delivery 278 RLC Operation 278 Power Control, Scheduling, and Interference Handling 281 Uplink Power Control 281 Uplink Power Control – Some Basic Rules 282 Power Control for PUCCH 283 Power Control for PUSCH 285 Power Control for SRS 287 Power Headroom 287 Scheduling and Rate Adaptation 288 Downlink Scheduling 289 Uplink Scheduling 291 Uplink Priority Handling 293 Scheduling Requests and Buffer Status Reports 293 Semi-Persistent Scheduling 296 Scheduling for Half-Duplex FDD 297 Channel-State Reporting 298 Discontinuous Reception (DRX) and Component Carrier Deactivation 303 Inter-Cell Interference Coordination 306 Heterogeneous Network Deployments 309 Interference Handling in a Heterogeneous Deployment 310 Interference Coordination in the Case of Home-eNodeB 315 Access Procedures 317 Acquisition and Cell Search 317 Overview of LTE Cell Search 317 PSS Structure 319 SSS Structure 320 System Information 320 MIB and BCH Transmission 321 System-Information Blocks 324 Random Access 326 Step 1: Random-Access Preamble Transmission 328 PRACH Time–Frequency Resources 329 Preamble Structure and Sequence Selection 330 PRACH Power Setting 331 Preamble Sequence Generation 331 Preamble Detection 333 Step 2: Random-Access Response 333 Step 3: Terminal Identification 334 Step 4: Contention Resolution 335 Paging 335 Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Services 339 Architecture 340 Overall Channel Structure and Physical-Layer Processing 341 Scheduling of MBMS Services 344 Relaying 347 Relays in LTE 348 Overall Architecture 349 Backhaul Design for Inband Relaying 350 Access-Link Hybrid-ARQ Operation 351 Backhaul-Link Hybrid-ARQ Operation 352 Backhaul Downlink Control Signaling 353 Reference Signals for the Backhaul Link 357 Backhaul–Access Link Timing 358 Spectrum and RF Characteristics 363 Spectrum for LTE 363 Spectrum Defined for IMT Systems by the ITU-R 363 Frequency Bands for LTE 364 New Frequency Bands 367 Flexible Spectrum USE 368 Flexible Channel Bandwidth Operation 369 Carrier Aggregation for LTE 371 Multi-Standard Radio Base Stations 375 Overview of RF Requirements for LTE 377 Transmitter Characteristics 378 Receiver Characteristics 379 Regional Requirements 379 Band-Specific UE Requirements Through Network Signaling 380 Base-Station Classes 381 Output Power Level Requirements 382 Base-Station Output Power and Dynamic Range 382 UE Output Power and Dynamic Range 382 Transmitted Signal Quality 382 EVM and Frequency Error 383 UE In-Band Emissions 383 Base-Station Time Alignment 383 Unwanted Emissions Requirements 383 Implementation Aspects 384 Spectrum Emission Mask 384 Base-Station Operating Band Unwanted Emission Limits 384 UE Spectrum Emission Mask 385 Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio 386 Spurious Emissions 388 Occupied Bandwidth 388 Transmitter Intermodulation 388 Sensitivity and Dynamic Range 389 Receiver Susceptibility to Interfering Signals 389 Performance 393 Performance Assessment 393 End-User Perspective of Performance 394 Operator Perspective 395 Performance in Terms of Peak Data Rates and Latency 395 Performance Evaluation of LTE-Advanced 396 Models and Assumptions 397 Evaluation Criteria 399 Performance Numbers for FDD 400 Performance Numbers for TDD 401 Conclusion 403 Other Wireless Communications Systems 405 HSPA 405 Architecture 407 Channel-Dependent Scheduling 408 Hybrid ARQ with Soft Combining 409 Control-Plane Latency Reductions 410 Spatial Multiplexing 411 Carrier Aggregation 411 UTRA TDD 411 GSM/EDGE 412 Objectives for GSM/EDGE Evolution 413 Dual-Antenna Terminals 414 Multi-Carrier EDGE 414 Reduced TTI and Fast Feedback 415 Improved Modulation and Coding 416 Higher Symbol Rates 416 Voice Service over Adaptive Multi-User Channels 417 CDMA2000 and HRPD/1x EV-DO 418 CDMA2000 1x 419 1x EV-DO Rev 0 419 1x EV-DO Rev A 420 1x EV-DO Rev B 421 1x EV-DO Rev C 421 IEEE 802.16e, Mobile WiMAX and 802.16 m 421 IEEE 802.16e and Mobile WiMAX 422 IEEE 802.16 m – WiMAX for IMT-Advanced 424 Summary 425 Final Thoughts 427 Where To Go in the Future? 427 Advanced Multi-Cell Coordination 428 Network Energy Efficiency 428 Machine-Type Communication 429 New ways of Using Spectrum 430 Direct Device-to-Device Communication 430 Concluding Remarks 431 References 433 Index 439 Based on the bestseller "3G Evolution - HSPA and LTE for mobile broadband" and reflecting the ongoing success of LTE throughout the world, this book focuses on LTE with full updates including LTE-Advanced to provide a complete picture of the LTE system. Overview and detailed explanations are given for the latest LTE standards for radio interface architecture, the physical layer, access procedures, broadcast, relaying, spectrum and RF characteristics, and system performance. Key technologies presented include multi-carrier transmission, advanced single-carrier transmission, advanced receivers, OFDM, MIMO and adaptive antenna solutions, advanced radio resource management and protocols, and different radio network architectures. Their role and use in the context of mobile broadband access in general is explained. Both a high-level overview and more detailed step-by-step explanations of the LTE/LTE-Advanced implementation are given. An overview of other related systems such as GSM/EDGE, HSPA, CDMA2000, and WIMAX is also provided. This book is a 'must-have' resource for engineers and other professionals in the telecommunications industry, working with cellular or wireless broadband technologies, giving an understanding of how to utilize the new technology in order to stay ahead of the competition. The authors of the book all work at Ericsson Research and have been deeply involved in 3G and 4G development and standardisation since the early days of 3G research. They are leading experts in the field and are today still actively contributing to the standardisation of LTE within 3GPP. Includes full details of the latest additions to the LTE Radio Access standards and technologies up to and including 3GPP Release 10 Clear explanations of the role of the underlying technologies for LTE, including OFDM and MIMO Full coverage of LTE-Advanced, including LTE carrier aggregation, extended multi-antenna transmission, relaying functionality and heterogeneous deployments LTE radio interface architecture, physical layer, access procedures, MBMS, RF characteristics and system performance covered in detail Based on the bestseller 3G Evolution - HSPA and LTE for mobile broadband and reflecting the ongoing success of LTE throughout the world, this book focuses on LTE with full updates including LTE-Advanced to provide a complete picture of the LTE system. Overview and detailed explanations are given for the latest LTE standards for radio interface architecture, the physical layer, access procedures, broadcast, relaying, spectrum and RF characteristics, and system performance. Key technologies presented include multi-carrier transmission, advanced single-carrier transmission, advanced receivers, OFDM, MIMO and adaptive antenna solutions, advanced radio resource management and protocols, and different radio network architectures. Their role and use in the context of mobile broadband access in general is explained. Both a high-level overview and more detailed step-by-step explanations of the LTE/LTE-Advanced implementation are given. An overview of other related systems such as GSM/EDGE, HSPA, CDMA2000, and WIMAX is also provided.This book is a 'must-have' resource for engineers and other professionals in the telecommunications industry, working with cellular or wireless broadband technologies, giving an understanding of how to utilize the new technology in order to stay ahead of the competition.The authors of the book all work at Ericsson Research and have been deeply involved in 3G and 4G development and standardisation since the early days of 3G research. They are leading experts in the field and are today still actively contributing to the standardisation of LTE within 3GPP.nbsp, Includes full details of the latest additions to the LTE Radio Access standards and technologies up to and including 3GPP Release 10Clear explanations of the role of the underlying technologies for LTE, including OFDM and MIMO Full coverage of LTE-Advanced, including LTE carrier aggregation, extended multi-antenna transmission, relaying functionality and heterogeneous deploymentsLTE radio interface architecture, physical layer, access procedures, MBMS, RF characteristics and system performance covered in detail

LTE (Long Term Evolution) is the 3GPP's (3rd Generation Partnership Project) new standard and accompanying technologies that mobile network operators such as ATT, Verizon and TeliaSonera are adopting for their networks.

To move to higher-speed networks that can cater to customer demand for mobile broadband multimedia applications, the 3GPP has developed the latest LTE-Advanced (LTE Release 10) standard, which will be fixed in December 2010. This book focuses on LTE and LTE-Advanced, and provides engineers with real insight and understanding into the why and how of the standard and its related technologies. This book is written by engineers from Ericsson--the world's leading telecommunications supplier--who was heavily involved in the development of the standard.

• Follow-up to the very successful 3G Evolution, now focusing on LTE and LTE Advanced standard and its accompanying technologies
• Complete and clear explanation of LTE Advanced by the people who played a leading role in its development, which will enable engineers to quickly grasp the latest 3GPP Release 10 standard and implement it in their products
• Not a contributed book as most others on this topic are: this book gives an integrated introduction to the technologies and the standard