3D/4D Printing of Bioadhesive Pharmaceutical Systems: Additive Manufacturing and Perspectives

This book features a brief history of additive manufacturing and 3D/4D printing techniques, as well as the advantages, applications, and overall challenges facing the technology. It then focuses on the applications of bioadhesive systems for drug delivery. 3D/4D Printing of Bioadhesive Pharmaceutical Systems: Additive Manufacturing and Perspectives, explores recent discoveries of 3D printing in the development of pharmaceutical systems and drug delivery. Specifically, it discusses the main polymers/materials used in the development of bio-adhesive pharmaceutical systems and explains the importance of bio-adhesiveness of drug release through 3D printing. The authors also introduce the main strategies necessary to achieve a proper drug delivery system through 3D printing, and examine the adhesiveness of these systems on the skin as the mucosa decreases with the elimination of the drug by the body. Finally, the book brings all the necessary specifications to obtain a bioadhesive system with suitable bio-ink to obtain the best 3D/4D printing. This book is written with the objective of helping students start their studies in pharmaceutical engineering, bioengineering and additive manufacturing. Moreover, engineering professionals can use the book to improve the performance of 3D/4D printers for this type of system. Cover Half Title 3D/4D Printing of Bioadhesive Pharmaceutical Systems: Additive Manufacturing and Perspectives Copyright Contents About the Authors 1. Introduction to Additive Manufacturing: From History to Application 1.1 Timeline 1.2 Applications 1.3 Customization 1.4 Advantages over Traditional Medicines 1.5 Additive Manufacturing Challenges References 2. Types of 3D Printers in Topical and Mucosal Applications 2.1 Design for Additive Manufacturing 2.2 Inkjet-Based Printing Systems 2.2.1 Thermal Inkjet 2.2.2 Piezoelectric Inkjet 2.2.3 Electrostatic Inkjet 2.2.4 Electrohydrodynamic Jet 2.3 Extrusion-Based Systems 2.3.1 Pressure-Assisted Microsyringe (PAM) 2.3.2 Fused Filament Fabrication 2.4 Light-Based System 2.4.1 TPP 2.4.2 SLA 2.4.3 DLP References 3. Drug Delivery Systems 3.1 Controlled Drug Release Systems 3.1.1 Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients 3.1.2 Routes of Administration 3.1.3 Drug Delivery Systems 3.1.4 Biopharmaceutical Aspects 3.1.5 Advantages of Controlled Drug Delivery Systems 3.2 Dosage Forms for Topical and Mucosal Administration 3.2.1 Semi-Solid Dosage Forms 3.2.1.1 Emulsions 3.2.1.2 Gels and Emulgels 3.2.1.3 Others 3.2.2 Liquid Dosage Forms 3.2.2.1 Lipid Nanoparticles 3.2.2.2 Aerosols 3.2.3 Solids 3.3 Applicability in 3D Printing 3.4 Advantages of 3D Printing for Drug Delivery References 4. Bioadhesive Systems 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Administration Routes of Bioadhesive Systems 4.2.1 Topical and Transdermal Administration 4.2.1.1 Physiology of Skin 4.2.2 Administration by Mucosa 4.2.2.1 Physiology of Mucus 4.2.2.2 Mucus Production 4.2.2.3 Composition, Thickness, and Turnover of Mucus 4.2.3 Buccal Drug Delivery 4.2.4 Ophthalmic Drug Delivery 4.2.5 Vaginal Drug Delivery Systems 4.2.6 Nasal Delivery Systems 4.2.7 Gastrointestinal Drug Delivery Systems 4.3 Theories of Bioadhesion 4.3.1 The Electrostatic Theory 4.3.2 The Wettability Theory 4.3.3 The Diffusion Interpenetration Theory 4.3.4 Adsorption Theory 4.3.5 Mechanical Theory 4.4 Bioadhesive Polymers 4.4.1 First Generation Bioadhesive Polymers (Non-Specific) 4.4.2 Second-Generation Bioadhesion Polymers (Specific) 4.4.2.1 Lectins 4.4.2.2 Thiolated Polymers 4.4.3 Natural Bioadhesive Polymers 4.5 Influence of Polymer Properties on Bioadhesion 4.5.1 Contribution of Functitional Groups 4.5.2 Level of Hydratition 4.5.3 Polymer Molecular Weight, Cross-Linking Strength, Chain Length, and Conformation 4.5.4 Electrical Charge and pH 4.5.5 Polymer Concentration 4.6 Mucu-Permeation Systems 4.6.1 Strategies for Mucus-Permeation 4.6.1.1 Slippery Surface Strategy 4.6.1.2 SNEDDS Strategy 4.6.1.3 Disulfide Breaking Strategy 4.6.1.4 Proteolytic Enzyme Strategy 4.6.2 Mucus-Permeation Polymers 4.7 Bioadhesive Systems Aplication on 3D Printing References 5. Biomaterials and Bioinks 5.1 3D Bioprinting 5.2 Bioinks and Biomaterials 5.3 Composition of Bioink 5.3.1 Natural-Sourced Materials 5.3.1.1 Alginate 5.3.1.2 Chitosan 5.3.1.3 Agarose 5.3.1.4 Hyaluronic Acid 5.3.1.5 Collagen 5.3.1.6 Gelatin 5.3.1.7 Fibrin 5.3.2 Poly Caprolactone 5.3.3 Poly(ethylene)-Based Polymers 5.3.4 Pluronic® 5.3.5 Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene 5.3.6 Polylactic Acid 5.3.7 Polycarbonate 5.3.8 Polypropylene 5.3.9 Poly-Glycolic Acid 5.3.10 Polybutylene Terephthalate 5.3.11 Polyurethane 5.3.12 Polyvinyl Alcohol 5.3.13 Polylactic-co-Glycolic Acid 5.4 Bioinks Properties for 3D Printing 5.4.1 Porosity 5.4.2 Surface Area 5.4.3 Biodegradability and Biocompatibility 5.4.4 Mechanical and Rheological Properties 5.5 3D Bioprinting Technologies 5.5.1 Inkjet-Based Bioprinting 5.5.2 Extrusion Bioprinting 5.5.3 Laser-Assisted Bioprinting 5.5.4 Stereolithography Bioprinting 5.6 Application of 3D Bioprinting 5.6.1 Bone Tissue 5.6.2 Skin Tissue 5.6.3 Cardiovascular Tissue References 6. 4D Printing 6.1 Smart Material Printing 6.1.1 Types of Stimuli in 4D Printing 6.1.1.1 Physical Signal 6.1.1.1.1 Humidity 6.1.1.1.2 Temperature 6.1.1.1.3 Light 6.1.1.1.4 Pressure 6.1.1.1.5 Magnetic 6.1.1.1.6 Electric Fields 6.1.1.2 Chemical Signal 6.1.1.2.1 pH 6.1.1.2.2 Ionic 6.1.1.3 Biological Signal 6.2 Smart Polymers 6.2.1 Types of Structures 6.2.1.1 Single-Material Structures 6.2.1.2 Multi-Material Structures 6.2.2 Types of Polymers 6.2.2.1 Polylactic Acid (PLA) 6.2.2.2 Polycaprolactone (PCL) 6.2.2.3 Polyurethane (PU) 6.2.2.4 Liquid Crystal Elastomers (LCE) 6.2.2.5 Poly(N-Isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAM) 6.2.2.6 Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) 6.2.2.7 Poly (Ethylene Glycol) (PEG) 6.2.2.8 Poly (Ethylene Glycol) Diacrylate (PEGDA) 6.2.2.9 Poly (2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate) (PHEAA) and Poly (Methyl Methacrylate-co-Vinyl Ketone) (PMVK) 6.2.2.10 Alginate 6.2.2.11 Gelatin and Collagen 6.3 Shape Behaviors 6.4 Applications and Advantages References 7. Application Fields and Regulatory Aspects 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Application Fields and Safety 7.3 Regulatory Aspects and Market 7.4 Market, Patents, and Challenges 7.5 Conclusions and Perspectives References 8. Concluding Remarks Index