10th International Conference on FRP Composites in Civil Engineering: Proceedings of CICE 2020/2021 (Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering Book 198)

Preface CICE 2020/2021 Message From The President of IIFC Organization International Scientific Committee Conference Organizing Committee Organizers of Mini Symposium Mini Symposium on Advances and Challenges in Seismic Strengthening of RC Structures with Fibre-Reinforced Composite Materials (FRP, FRCM/TRM, FRCC) Organizer Co-organizer Mini Symposium on Advances in the Investigation of the Bond Mechanism of FRP, FRCM, TRM, and SRG Composites Organizer Co-organizer Mini Symposium on Reinforcing and Strengthening Structures using Prestressed FRP Organizer Mini Symposium on Strengthening of Steel Structures Organizer Co-organizer Mini Symposium on Toward the Structural Eurocode of Design of FRP Structures Organizer Co-organizers Keynote Lecturers Invited Lecturers Extended Abstracts of Keynote/ Invited Lectures Standard Material or Material Standard? Challenges and Opportunities in Codes and Standards Development Extended Abstract The Evolution of ACI 440.1R References Analytical Identification of Stress–Strain Relationship of Concrete in FRP-Confined Columns Introduction Development of the Analytical Method References Discrete Mesoscale Concrete Model for Simulation of Size-Dependent Shear Response of GFRP-Reinforced Concrete Beams Extended Abstract References Extended Abstracts of Participants Experimental and Numerical Study of Strengthening Concrete Specimens by Composite Materials-Based Natural Hemp Fibers References Deterioration in Nanomechanical Properties of Cement Paste–Epoxy Interphase under Hygrothermal Conditions Introduction Materials and Methods Major Findings References Self-prestressed Carbon-Reinforced High-Performance Concrete Elements References Contents Keynotes and Invited Papers Integrated Seismic and Energy Retrofitting System Using Textile-Reinforced Mortars Combined with Thermal Insulation 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Program 2.1 Out-Of-Plane Loading 2.2 In-Plane Loading 3 Simplified Failure Analysis for Specimens Subject to Out-of-Plane Bending 4 Numerical Simulation for Specimens Subject to Out-of-Plane Bending 5 Conclusions References Fast and Low Impact Retrofit Using Advanced Materials for a Diffused Seismic Risk Mitigation 1 Introduction 2 Seismic Retrofit of Existing Structures 2.1 Masonry Structures 2.2 RC Structures 3 Conclusions References FRP Confined Concrete: What, Why, and How? 1 Introduction 2 Analysis-Oriented Models for FRP Confined Concrete: 3D Interpretations 3 Physical Phenomenon and Mechanisms of FRP Confined Concrete 4 Applications of the 3D Geometrical Approach 5 Application Strategies of FRP Confined Concrete 6 Summary References Design of an FRP Cable-Stayed Pedestrian Bridge. Morphology, Technology and Required Performances 1 Introduction 2 Worldwide FRP Bridge Realizations: Typologies and Dynamic Characteristics 2.1 Truss Typologies 2.2 Arch and Suspension Bridges 2.3 Cable Stayed Bridges 3 Bridge Morphology 4 Required Performances 4.1 Pedestrian Induced Actions 4.2 Wind Induced Actions 4.3 Seismic Load 4.4 Element Global and Local Instability 4.5 Joints and Cable Anchorages 4.6 Durability and Maintenance 5 Structural Modelling and Verifications 5.1 Pedestrian Comfort 5.2 Joints 5.3 Cable System References Strengthening and Repair with Advanced Materials and Hybrid Techniques for Increased Resilience of RC Structures with the Use of Pseudo-dynamic 3d Finite Element Analysis 1 Introduction 2 Structural Resilience at Reinforced Concrete Member and Frame Level 2.1 Open Design Recommendation-Related Issues to Contribute to Member Resilience 3 Pseudo-dynamic FE Modeling Towards Advanced Structural Resilience 3.1 Strain Redistribution Effects in Rope Confinement 3.2 Seismic Retrofitting of RC Columns with FRPs 4 Dynamic 3-Dimensional Finite Element Modeling for Seismic Table Experiments of Resilient Interventions of Brick Infilled Reinforced Concrete Framed Structure 5 Conclusions References An Experimental Study on Concavely Curved Soffit Reinforced Concrete Beams Externally Bonded with FRP 1 Introduction 2 Research Significance 3 Experimental Program 3.1 Material Properties 3.2 Instrumentation and Test Procedure 4 Test Results 5 Conclusion References All FRP Structures Concept and Preliminary Test of the Intelligent FRP Bridge Deck for the Vehicular Bridges 1 Introduction 2 Structure Concept 3 SHM System 4 Material Tests 5 Technological Tests 6 Design Stage 7 Connections 8 Conclusions References Finite Element Modeling and Statistical Analysis of Fire-Damaged Reinforced Concrete Columns Repaired Using Smart Materials and FRP Confinement 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Work 3 Numerical Modeling 4 Statistical Analysis for Strength Prediction (Regression Models) 5 Results and Discussions 6 Conclusions References Flexural Performance of BFRP Bar Reinforced High-Strength Concrete Beam 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Materials 2.2 Specimen Preparation and Testing 3 Experimental Results and Discussion 3.1 Flexural Stength 3.2 Load-Deflection 3.3 Cross-Section Strain 3.4 Efficiency of BFRP Reinforced Bar 4 Conclusions References Structural Re-use of FRP Composite Wind Turbine Blades as Power-Line Utility Poles and Towers 1 Introduction 2 Power Transmission Pole Concept 3 Wind Blade Internal Geometry 4 Structural Analysis of the Proposed Power Pole 5 Material Properties and Safety Factors 6 Conclusions References Maintenance and Structural Check of an All FRP Pultruded Construction 1 Introduction 2 Structural Aspects 3 Joint Design 4 Tightening Test 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion References Bond and Interfacial Stresses Experimental Study on Comparison of Cyclic Bond Behavior of Ribbed and Sand-Coated CFRP Bars in High Strength Concrete 1 Introduction 2 Specimen Preparation 3 Material Properties 4 Test Setup and Experimental Procedure 5 Instrumentation 6 Test Results 7 Expected Strain Distribution 8 Conclusions References Bond Behavior of Basalt Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Bars Embedded in Concrete Under Mono-tensile and Cyclic Loads 1 Introduction 2 Test Program 2.1 Parameters of Test Specimen 2.2 Test Setup 2.3 Loading System 2.4 Data Process 3 Test Results 3.1 Failure Modes Under Mono-tensile Load 3.2 Failure Modes Under Cyclic Loads 3.3 Test Results 4 Analysis of Rib Parameters Under Mono-tensile Load 4.1 Analysis of Rib Shape 4.2 Analysis of Rib Spacing 4.3 Analysis of Rib Width 4.4 Analysis of Rib Height 4.5 Analysis of Relative Rib Area 4.6 Bond–Slip Constitutive Model 5 Analysis of Fatigue Behavior 5.1 Prediction of Fatigue Life by Data Fitting 5.2 Slip Analysis Under Cyclic Loads 6 Conclusions References Evaluating the Bond Characteristics of Intermediate and Ultra-High Modulus CFRP Laminates Adhered to Steel 1 Introduction 2 Summary of Tests 3 Finite Element Modelling 3.1 General Description 3.2 Contact Modelling 3.3 Material Modelling 4 Results and Discussions 5 Conclusions References Experimental Study on Increase of Bonding Strength of FRP Reinforcement in Concrete 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Study 2.1 Materials and Sample Preparation 2.2 3- Point Bending Tests 2.3 Calculation 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Fatigue Behavior of FRCM Strengthened RC Beams: State of the Art and Future Developments 1 Introduction 2 Fatigue Strengthening of RC Beams with FRCM Composites: State of the Art 2.1 Database of Existing Results 2.2 Discussion of Existing Results 3 Experimental Program 3.1 Specimen Geometry and Materials 3.2 Quasi-static Monotonic Tests 3.3 Fatigue Tests 4 Conclusions References Numerical Study of the Effective Lap-Splice Length of FRCM Composites 1 Introduction 2 Characterization of FRCM Composites 3 Proposal to Verify the Effective Lap-Splice Length 4 Numerical Modeling 5 Conclusions References Generalized Method of Determining the Local Bond Slip Relationship of the Reinforcement Externally Bonded to Concrete 1 Introduction 2 Proposal of the Generalized Method of Determining τ~s Relationship 3 Comparison of τ~sRelationships 4 Comparison Between Experimental and Predicted Results 5 Conclusions References Bond Behavior of Steel Plates Externally Bonded on Concrete Elements 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 2.1 Bond Strength and Effective Length 2.2 Bond Law 3 Modelling Approaches 3.1 Models Available in Literature 3.2 The One-Dimensional Model 4 Numerical-Experimental Comparison 5 Conclusion and Future Developments References Bond Assessment of GFRP Bars Embedded in Fiber-Reinforced Eco-concrete 1 Introduction 2 Pullout Bond Experiment 3 Mixtures and Materials 4 Setup and Procedure of Pullout Test 5 Test Results and Discussions 6 Conclusion References Use of Distributed Optical Fibre to Monitor the Crack Propagation of an Adhesively Bonded Joint During an ENF Test 1 Introduction 2 Experimental İnvestigation 2.1 Studied Specimens 2.2 Test Geometry 3 Monitoring During the Test 3.1 Digital Image Correlation 3.2 Continuous Optical Fibre 4 Experimental Results Analysis 4.1 Load Displacement Curve 4.2 Embedded Optical Fibber 4.3 Exterior Optical Fibre 5 Strain Energy Release Rate Computation with Standards 5.1 The Compliance Calibration Method (CCM) 5.2 ASTM D7905 CCM Approximation 5.3 Local Sliding and J-Integral 6 Conclusion References Loss of Bond Action in FRP-Strengthened Structural Elements: Modeling 1 Introduction 2 Available Empirical Interface Models 3 Numerical Procedure 4 Material Models 5 Finite Element Model 6 Numerical Results 7 Concluding Remarks References Bond Behaviour of GFRP Bars with Concrete at Normal and High Temperatures 1 Introduction 2 Research Significance 3 Experimental Investigation 3.1 Material Properties 3.2 Specimens’ Preparation 3.3 Conditioning and Test Plan 4 Test Results 5 Discussion on Test Results 6 Concluding Remarks References Thermo-mechanical Bonding Behaviour of CFRP NSM System Using Cement-Based Adhesive 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Work 2.1 Development of the Cement-Based Adhesive 2.2 Development of the Surface Treatment of the CFRP Laminates 2.3 Monotonic Pull-Out Test 2.4 Thermo-mechanical Pull-Out Test 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Monotonic Pull-Out Tests 3.2 Thermo-Mechanical Pull-Out Tests 4 Conclusion References Influence of Elevated Temperatures on the Bond Between CFRP Strips and Concrete Using the NSM Technique – Definition of Local Bond vs.Slip Laws 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Study 2.1 Test Programme and Materials 2.2 Specimens Geometry and Preparation 2.3 Test Setup, Instrumentation and Procedure 3 Experimental Results and Discussion 3.1 Load vs.Slip Curves 3.2 Failure Modes 4 Numerical Investigation 4.1 Calibration of the Parameters that Define the Bond Stress vs. Slip Laws 4.2 Local Bond vs. Slip Laws 4.3 Load vs. Slip Curves 5 Conclusions References Concrete Structures Reinforced or Pre-stressed with FRP Testing a GFRP-Reinforced Concrete Bridge Deck Using a New Rolling Load Simulator 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Program 2.1 Test Specimen 2.2 Materials 2.3 Fabrication of Specimen 2.4 Test Program 2.5 Instrumentation 3 Experimental Results 4 Summary and Conclusions References Shear Response of BFRP-Reinforced Short Beams Using Fiber Reinforced Concrete 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Program 2.1 Test Specimens and Setup 2.2 Material 3 Result and Discussion 3.1 Load vs. Mid-span Deflection 3.2 Crack Behavior and Failure Modes 3.3 Strain at the Top Concrete and Longitudinal Bars 4 Conclusions References Structural Behavior of BFRCC Layered Deep Beams Reinforced with GFRP Headed-End Bars 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Program 2.1 Test Specimens 2.2 Materials 2.3 Test Setup and Instrumentation 3 Test Results and Discussion 3.1 Crack Pattern and Load Capacity 4 Conclusions References Effect of Under-Stressing on the Fatigue Strength of RC Beams Rehabilitated with NSM CFRP Reinforcement 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Program 3 Experimental Results 3.1 Monotonic Loading 3.2 Cyclic Loading 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions References Thin Sandwich Elements Prestressed with CFRP Tendons 1 Introduction 2 Materials 2.1 Textile Reinforced Concrete 2.2 CFRP Tendons 3 Core and Connecting Device 4 Tests on the Transfer Length 4.1 Tests Setup 5 Test Results 6 Experimental Investigations on Small-Scale Sandwich Elements 7 Test Setup 7.1 Test Results 7.2 Calculation Models – First Approaches 8 Conclusion and Outlook References Experimental Monitoring of Long-Term Structural Behaviour and Prestress Losses of BFRP Pretensioned Beams Under Sustained Loading 1 Introduction 2 Background 3 Methodology 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Sustained Loading 5 Final Testing 6 Conclusions References Parametric Study of Slender Columns Retrofitted with NSM CFRP Rods 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Program 2.1 Materials 2.2 Test Results 3 Finite Element Modelling of Columns 3.1 Steel Material Models 3.2 Concrete Material Model 3.3 FRP Model and Steel Plates 3.4 Boundary Conditions 3.5 Limitations 4 Validation of the Finite Element Model 5 Parametric Study 5.1 Column Models C1 and C4 5.2 Column Models C2 and C3 5.3 Column Models C5 and C6 5.4 Column Models C7 and C9 5.5 Column Models C8 and C10 6 Summary and Conclusions References Numerical Investigation on the Shear Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beams Strengthened with Textile Reinforced Mortar Jackets 1 Introduction 2 Validation of FEA Beam Models 3 Finite Element Analysis Modelling of RC Beams 3.1 Element Types 3.2 Material Models 3.3 Mesh Generation and Boundary Conditions 4 Beam Models Validated Results 5 Parametric Study Results 5.1 Beam Depth 5.2 Loading Type 6 Conclusions References Axial Load Performance of GFRP-Reinforced Hollow Concrete Columns 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Program 2.1 Specimen Details 2.2 Materials 2.3 Instrumentation and Test Set-Up 3 Test Results and Discussion 3.1 Influence of Inner-to-Outer Diameter Ratio 3.2 Influence of Axial Reinforcement Ratio 3.3 Influence of Lateral Reinforcement Ratio 3.4 Influence of Concrete Compressive Strength 4 Stress State in HCCs with GFRP Bars 4.1 Stress Formation in HCCs 4.2 Ultimate Concrete Load Resistance in HCCs with GFRP Bars 5 Conclusions 1. References Unloading Behaviour and Analysis of GFRP Prestressed Concrete Beams 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Program 3 Experimental Results 4 Proposed Analytical Model 5 Conclusions References Numerical Investigation of a New Floor System with GFRP Stay-in-Place Forms and Embedded I-Beams 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Program 3 Finite Element Modeling 3.1 Element Types and Material Models 3.2 Meshing 3.3 Modeling the Interfaces and Calibration 3.4 GFRP Failure Simulation 4 Model Verification 4.1 Panel Test by the Authors 4.2 Panel Tests by Others 5 Summary and Conclusions References Shear Code Provisions Applied to the Prediction of FRP Strengthened Prestressed I-Girders 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Sectional Details 3 Evaluation of Un-strengthened Cross Sections 3.1 Eurocode 2 3.2 ACI 318-19 3.3 Model Code (MC) 2010 4 Evaluation of Contribution of FRP Shear Reinforcement (Vf) 4.1 fib Bulletin 90 4.2 fib Bulletin 14 4.3 ACI 440.2R-17 5 Results and Discussion 5.1 Un-strengthened Specimens 5.2 Strengthened Specimens 6 Conclusions References FRP Reinforcement to Retrofit Bridge Pier After Repair: Experimental Test Results 1 Introduction 2 Repair and Retrofitting Procedure 3 Case of Study 4 Specimen Repair 5 Experimental Results 5.1 Base Shear Versus Top Specimen Horizontal Displacement 6 Carbon FRP Wrapping Strains Distribution 7 Conclusions References Concrete-Filled FRP Tubular Members Combined Torsion, Flexure, and Axial Compression Applied to Concrete-Filled FRP Tubes 1 Introduction 2 Testing Program 2.1 Samples 2.2 Materials 2.3 Testing Apparatus and Procedure 2.4 Instrumentation 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Cracking State 3.2 Loading Response 3.3 Ultimate State and Failure 4 Conclusion References Segmental Hollow Concrete Filled FRP Tubes (CFFT) for Wind Turbine Towers 1 Introduction 2 Backgound and Objectives 2.1 Literature Review 2.2 Objectives 3 Significance of the Research 4 Experimental Program 4.1 General 4.2 Materials Used for Fabrication of Specimens 4.3 Fabrication of Specimens 4.4 Post-tensioning of Specimens 4.5 Instrumentation 4.6 Test Setup 5 Summary References Experimental Behaviour of ±55° GFRP Filament Wound Tubes Under Uniaxial Tension and Compression 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Program 2.1 Test Matrix 2.2 Test Set-Ups 2.3 Compression Tests 2.4 Tension Tests 3 Results and Discussions 3.1 Failure Modes 3.2 Compression Behaviour 3.3 Tension Behaviour 3.4 Comparison of Compression and Tension Behaviour 4 Conclusions References Flexural Performance of Post-tensioned Rectangular Concrete-Filled FRP Tubes (CFFT) Beams Using High and Normal Strength Concrete 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Work 2.1 Test Specimens 2.2 Material Properties 2.3 Instrumentation 2.4 Test Setup and Prestressing Loading 3 Test Results 3.1 Mode of Failure 3.2 Load–Deflection Responses 3.3 Load-Strain Responses 4 Analytical Investigation 4.1 Ultimate Moment Predictions 5 Concluding Remarks References Influence of Filler Properties on the Axial Behaviour of Pultruded FRP Tubes 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Program 2.1 Materials 2.2 Test Matrix and Test Setup of Column Specimens 3 Experimental Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References Confinement Key Parameters in the Calculation of the Reinforcement of Rectangular Columns with FRP. Review of Design Guidelines and Comparison with Experimental Results 1 Introduction 2 Revision of the Design Guidelines 3 Comparative Analysis of Design Guidelines. 4 Conclusions References Compressive Behavior of Masonry Columns Confined with Multi-layer SRG Composite 1 Introduction 2 Materials 3 Experiments 3.1 Specimen Construction 3.2 Tests Procedure 4 Discussion of Results 4.1 Axial Stress – Axial Strain Response and Key Values 4.2 Effect of Number of Fiber Layers 4.3 Effect of Corner Radius 4.4 Effect of Fiber Overlap 5 Conclusions References Behaviour of Recycled Aggregate RC Columns Wrapped with CFRP Under Axial Compression 1 Introduction 2 Testing Details 3 Results and Discussions 4 Conclusions References Axial Behaviour of Damaged Concrete Columns Repaired with Novel Prefabricate FRP Jacket 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Program 2.1 Materials 3 Specimens 4 Test Set-Up 5 Results and Observations 5.1 Failure Mode 6 Load-Deformation Behaviour 7 Effectiveness in Repairing RC Columns with Steel Corrosion 8 Theoretical Modelling 9 Conclusions References Design Issues/Guidelines Implementation of GFRP-Reinforced Concrete Draft Code Provisions in Design Examples: What Works and What Doesn’t 1 Introduction 2 GFRP Design Examples 2.1 Single Interior L-shaped Beam (SP-17 Beam Example 2) Problem Statement 2.2 GFRP Design Approach and Discussion 2.3 Observations from the One-Way Slab and Rectangular Edge Beam with Torsion Examples 2.4 Comparison to Steel-Reinforced Solution 2.5 Impact of Draft Code Provisions Compared with Published Design Guide Recommendations 3 Conclusion Appendix References Reliability Analysis of FRP-Concrete Joint with or Without Epoxy Interlocking Enhancement 1 Introduction 2 Epoxy Interlocking 3 Reliability-Based Analysis 3.1 Random Structural Parameters and Loadings 3.2 Reliability Analysis 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusions References A Progressive Failure Model for FRP Structures: Numerical and Experimental Analyses 1 Introduction 2 Proposed Model 2.1 Failure Initiation 2.2 Damage Progression 3 FE Application and Calibration 3.1 Uniform Tension Models 3.2 In-Plane Shear 3.3 Interlaminar Shear 4 Application Case: Compact Tension Test 5 Final Remarks and Future Developments References Estimation of the Shear Strength of RC Members with Externally Bonded, Fully-Wrapped FRCM Composites 1 Introduction 2 Bond Behavior of FRCM Composites 3 FRCM Shear Strength Contribution 4 Comparison Between U-wrapped and Fully-Wrapped Configurations 5 Comparison Between Analytical and Experimental Results 6 Conclusions References A Discussion of Differences Between Single-Lap Tests and Full-Scale Beam Tests in Terms of FRCM-Concrete Debonding 1 Introduction 2 Shear Stress Transfer in Beams and Single-Lap Shear Tests 3 Methods 4 Database 5 Results 6 Conclusions References Maximum FRP Bar Diameter and Bar Spacing for Crack Control in Flexural Reinforced Concrete Members 1 Introduction 2 Cracking Control Without Direct Calculation 3 Cracking Control of FRPRC Elements 4 Parametric Analysis 5 Conclusions References Finite Element Modeling of Large Rupture Strain (LRS) FRP-Confined Concrete Columns 1 Introduction 2 Concrete Damage Plasticity Module (CDPM) 3 Yield Function 4 Flow Rule 5 Confinement Pressure Approach 6 Confinement Stiffness Approach 7 Results and Discussions 8 Conclusions References A 3D Plasticity Model for Concrete and Its Application to Concrete Under Non-uniform FRP Confinement 1 Introduction 2 Plasticity Constitutive Model 2.1 Strength Surface, Yield Surfaces, and Hardening/softening Rule 3 Potential Surface 4 Application to Concrete Under Non-uniform FRP Confinement 5 Concluding Remarks References Design of a Replacement Fibre-reinforced Polymer Footbridge 1 Introduction and Background 2 Decision to Adopt FRP Superstructure 3 Site Constraints, Sustainability and Maintenance 4 Holistic Design Approach 4.1 Initial Design Concept 4.2 Development of the Final Concept 4.3 Effects of the FRP Structure on the Abutment Stability 4.4 Robustness 5 Serviceability Vibrations 5.1 Pedestrian Vibrations 5.2 Train Buffeting Vibrations 6 Testing 7 Comparison with FE Models 8 Installation 9 Conclusions References Durability and Long-Term Performance Externally Bonded CFRP Strengthened RC Slabs, Four years of External Environment Exposure and Evaluation of the Load Carrying Capacity 1 Introduction 2 Long-Term Experiments – Outdoor Exposure 2.1 Specimens and Test-Setup 2.2 Measured Temperatures 2.3 Long-Term Behaviour 3 Failure Tests of the Strengthened Slabs 4 Conclusions References Hygrothermal Ageing of Pultruded GFRP Profiles: Experimental Study and Prediction Models 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Programme 2.1 Materials 2.2 Ageing Environments 2.3 Characterisation Methods 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Initial Properties 3.2 Effects of Ageing on Tensile Response 3.3 Effects of Ageing on Flexural Response 4 Prediction of Long-Term Mechanical Performance 4.1 Overview 4.2 Prediction of Tensile Properties 4.3 Prediction of Flexural Properties 5 Conclusions References Enhancement of Mechanical Properties of FRP Composites with Silica Nanoparticles 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Specimens 3 Test Setup and Loading Procedure 4 Fracture Toughness Tests Results and Discussions 5 Impact Tests Results and Discussions 6 Tensile Tests Results and Discussions 7 Conclusions References Durability and Lifetime Prediction of Flax Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Materials and Ageing Conditions 2.2 Tensile Testing Procedure 2.3 Short Beam Shear Testing Procedure 2.4 Pull-Off Testing Procedure 3 Experimental Results 3.1 Tensile Properties 3.2 Interlaminar Shear Properties 3.3 Adhesive Bond Properties at the Composite/Concrete Interface 4 Lifetime Prediction 5 Conclusion References Three-Dimensional Characterization of Naturally Corroded Steel-Reinforced Concrete Using Computed Tomography 1 Introduction 2 Specimen 3 X-Ray Micro-computed Tomography (ΜCT) 4 Results 4.1 General 4.2 Analysis of Void Distribution 4.3 Analysis of Void Distribution 5 Conclusion References Characterisation of the Degradation Behaviour of a Loaded Vinyl Ester GFRP Bar in Alkaline Concrete Environment 1 Introduction 2 Material Properties and Test Specimen 3 Test Setup and Conditioning 4 Creep Curve 5 GFRP Microstructural Analysis 5.1 Stereomicroscopy – Surface 5.2 Sample Preparation 5.3 Stereomicroscopy – Cross-section Area 5.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 5.5 Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDX) 6 Conclusions References Microscopic and Durability Evaluation of In-Situ Extracted Internal GFRP Reinforcing Bars After Temporal Exposure 1 Introduction 2 Bridges Investigated 3 Cores Extractions and Samples Preparations 4 Concrete Tests and Results 5 GFRP Tests and Results 6 Conclusion References A Machine Learning Approach to Modelling the Bond Strength of Adhesively Bonded Joints Under Water Immersion Condition 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Data 3 Overview of Machine Learning Methods 3.1 Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) 3.2 Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) 3.3 Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) 4 Analysis of Results 5 Conclusions References Fire, Impact and Blast Loading Ratio Between Protection Coefficients and Oversized Coefficients for Pultruded Elements in Fire 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Results 4 Analysis of the Results 5 Conclusions References Residual Tensile Strength of Textile Reinforced Mortars After Have Been Exposed to Elevated Temperatures 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Programme 2.1 Materials 3 Specimens, Test Set-Up and Instrumentation 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusions References Influence of Elevated Temperatures on the Bond Behaviour of Sand-Coated and Ribbed GFRP Rebars In Concrete – Pull-Out Tests and Calibration of Temperature-Dependent Bond Stress vs.Slip Laws 1 Introduction 2 Description of the Experimental Programme 2.1 Test programme 2.2 Materials 2.3 Geometry of the Pull-Out Specimens 2.4 Test Setup and Instrumentation 2.5 Test Procedure 3 Experimental Results and Discussion 3.1 Average Bond Stress vs.Slip Curves 3.2 Failure Modes 3.3 Bond Strength and Stiffness 4 Temperature-Dependent Bond Stress vs.Slip Laws 5 Conclusions References Fire Behaviour of GFRP-Reinforced Concrete Slab Strips: Fire Resistance Tests and Numerical Simulation 1 Introduction 2 Description of the Fire Resistance Tests 3 Description of the Numerical Models 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Temperature Profiles 4.2 Mechanical Behaviour During Fire Exposure 4.3 Failure Modes and Post-fire Observations 5 Conclusions References Effects of Impactor Geometry on Pultruded Composites Under Low-Velocity Impact Loading 1 Introduction 2 Testing Program Description 2.1 Material Description 2.2 Testing Procedure 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Impact Load-Time Response 3.2 Impact Load-Displacement Response 3.3 Impact Performance 3.4 Damage Evaluation 4 Conclusion References Temperature Effects on the Mechanical Properties of the GFRP Sheetss 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Program 3 Materials and Specimens 4 Test Setup and Instrumentation 5 Experimental Results 5.1 Tests Under Sustained Temperature (ST) 5.2 Tests Under Sustained Load and Sustained Deformation (SL and SD) 6 Analytical Modelling 6.1 Available Models in Literature 6.2 Comparison of Predictions from the Proposed Model with Experimental Results 7 Concluding Remarks References A Novel Design Procedure for CFRP-Strengthened Concrete-Filled Steel Tubes to Resist Impact Loads 1 Introduction 2 Impact Response of CFSTs 3 Details of Finite Element Study 4 Design Method 5 Design Example 6 Summary and Conclusions References Flexural Performance of NSM CFRP Strengthened Concrete Beams Under Temperature 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Programme 2.1 Experimental Test Setup 2.2 Instrumentation 2.3 Materials 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Load–Deflection Curves and Failure Modes 3.2 Strain Distribution Along the CFRP Strip 3.3 End Debonding Prediction 4 Conclusions References FRP as Internal Reinforcement Compressive Behaviour of Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) Reinforced Concrete Columns 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Program 2.1 Materials 2.2 Specimens Design and Instrumentation 3 Experimental Results and Discussion 3.1 Failure Modes 3.2 Strength and Deformation Capacities 3.3 Ductility 4 Conclusions References Behaviour of High-Strength Concrete Circular Columns Reinforced with GFRP Bars and Spirals Under Simulated Seismic Loading 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Program 2.1 Material Properties 2.2 Test Specimens 2.3 Test Setup and Procedure 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References Toward a Practical Approach to Experimental Evaluation of Cracking Behaviour of GFRP-Reinforced Concrete 1 Introduction 2 Cracking and Crack Control in Reinforced Concrete 3 Experimental Investigation of Bond and Cracking 3.1 ASTM D7913 Pull-Out Test 3.2 Prism Tension Test 4 Pilot Experimental Program 4.1 ASTM D7913 Pull-Out Test Results 4.2 Prism Tension Test Results 5 Conclusions References Behaviour of Columns Constructed with Internal FRP Reinforcement Under Axial Loading 1 Introduction and Background 2 Experimental Programme 2.1 Column Details 2.2 Material Properties 2.3 Instrumentation and Testing Setup 3 Test Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References Performance of T-Beams, Using GFRP Reinforced and Geopolymer Concrete 1 Introduction 2 Test Program 3 Four-Point Flexure Test Result 3.1 Crack Propagation 3.2 Failure Mode 3.3 Load-Deflection 3.4 Load and Moment Capacities 4 Conclusions References Behaviour of Square Concrete Columns Reinforced with Macro-synthetic Fibres and GFRP Rebars Under Axial Compression 1 Introduction 2 Research Significance 3 Experimental Program 4 Materials 4.1 Concrete 4.2 Fibres 4.3 GFRP Bars 5 Instrumentation and Test Setup 6 Experimental Results and Discussion 6.1 General Behaviour and Failure Modes 7 Summary and Conclusions References Accuracy of Existing Theoretical Models on the Assessment of the Design Shear Capacity of Slender RC Beams with Steel and GFRP Rods Without Transverse Reinforcement 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Program 3 Models and Analysis 4 Results and Comparison 5 Conclusions References Tensile Tests at GFRP Rebars 1 Introduction 2 Basic Composition and Properties 3 Inside the Bar 4 Inside the Anchoring Device 5 Tensile Testing 5.1 Test Program 5.2 Test Setup 5.3 Test Evaluation 6 Results 6.1 Photos at Different Stages 6.2 Analysis 6.3 Tensile Test at 32 mm Rebar 7 Conclusions References Experimental Study on the Compression Behaviour of Concrete Column Reinforced with Steel-FRP Composite Bar 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Scheme 2.1 Tensile Properties of SFCB and BFRP bar 2