1000 Python Examples

کتاب «1000 Python Examples» نوشتهٔ گابور سابو، یک منبع جامع و عملی برای یادگیری زبان برنامه‌نویسی پایتون از طریق مثال است. این کتاب با گردآوری هزاران نمونه کد کاربردی، مسیری گام‌به‌گام برای تسلط بر مفاهیم پایه تا مباحث پیشرفتهٔ این زبان فراهم می‌کند و به عنوان یک راهنمای مرجع و منبعی برای تمرین، در کنار برنامه‌نویسان تازه‌کار و حرفه‌ای جای می‌گیرد.

دربارهٔ کتاب —

کتاب «۱۰۰۰ مثال پایتون» با هدف پر کردن شکاف میان یادگیری تئوری و کاربرد عملی در برنامه‌نویسی تدوین شده است. این کتاب که در سال ۲۰۲۰ منتشر شده، با ارائهٔ مثال‌هایی از سطوح مقدماتی تا پیشرفته، به خواننده کمک می‌کند تا مفاهیم را به طور عینی درک کرده و توانایی حل مسئله را در خود تقویت کند. ساختار کتاب بر پایهٔ یادگیری از طریق عمل است؛ هر مبحث با توضیحی مختصر آغاز شده و سپس با انبوهی از مثال‌های کدنویسی شده، کاربرد آن مفهوم در دنیای واقعی به تصویر کشیده می‌شود. محتوای کتاب طیف وسیعی از مباحث بنیادین و کلیدی پایتون را پوشش می‌دهد که از نصب و راه‌اندازی محیط، آشنایی با انواع داده‌ها، حلقه‌ها و شرط‌ها آغاز شده و به موضوعاتی چون کار با رشته‌ها، لیست‌ها، تاپل‌ها، توابع، ماژول‌ها و مدیریت خطا می‌رسد. همچنین، کتاب به مباحث پیشرفته‌تری مانند برنامه‌نویسی شیء‌گرا، کار با کتابخانه‌های پرکاربرد و مفاهیمی چون «فیکسچر» و «موکینگ» در تست‌نویسی می‌پردازد که برای توسعه‌دهندگان حرفه‌ای بسیار حیاتی هستند. این رویکرد مثال‌محور، کتاب را به منبعی تبدیل کرده است که هم برای یادگیری اولیه و هم به عنوان مرجعی سریع برای کدنویسی روزمره کاربرد دارد.

دربارهٔ نویسنده

گابور سابو، نویسندهٔ این کتاب، برنامه‌نویسی با بیش از ۴۰ سال سابقهٔ فعالیت در زبان‌ها و محیط‌های مختلف است. او به عنوان مشاور و مدرس، به شرکت‌ها در بهبود شیوه‌های مهندسی نرم‌افزار، از جمله آموزش، خودکارسازی تست و راه‌اندازی فرایندهای تحویل مداوم (CI/CD) کمک می‌کند. سابو با ارائهٔ مطالب آموزشی به صورت آنلاین از طریق وب‌سایت «Code Maven» و انتشار کتاب‌های متعدد مبتنی بر دوره‌های آموزشی خود، شهرت دارد.

چرا باید «۱۰۰۰ مثال پایتون» را بخوانید؟

این کتاب برای هر کس که به دنبال تسلط بر پایتون از طریق تمرین و مثال است، ارزشمند خواهد بود. مهم‌ترین دستاوردهای مطالعهٔ این کتاب عبارت‌اند از:

• یادگیری عملی و مبتنی بر پروژه: با هزاران مثال عملی، مفاهیم انتزاعی برنامه‌نویسی را به صورت عینی درک کرده و مهارت‌های حل مسئله را تقویت می‌کنید.
• دسترسی به یک مرجع جامع و سریع: این کتاب به عنوان یک راهنمای جامع و مرجع سریع، در مواقع نیاز به یادآوری نحو (سینتکس) یا یافتن راه‌حل برای یک مشکل خاص، بسیار کارآمد است.
• پوشش مباحث پایه تا پیشرفته: از مفاهیم ساده مانند متغیرها و حلقه‌ها تا مباحث پیشرفته‌تر مانند برنامه‌نویسی شیء‌گرا، تست‌نویسی و کتابخانه‌های استاندارد را پوشش می‌دهد.
• مناسب برای خودآموزی: کتاب بر اساس مطالب دوره‌های آموزشی نویسنده طراحی شده و به گونه‌ای است که خواننده می‌تواند به تنهایی و با مطالعهٔ مثال‌ها و توضیحات، پیشرفت کند.
• تقویت پایهٔ برنامه‌نویسی: با کار بر روی مثال‌های متنوع، درک عمیق‌تری از ساختارها و الگوهای رایج برنامه‌نویسی در پایتون پیدا کرده و کدهای تمیزتر و کارآمدتری می‌نویسید.

این کتاب برای چه کسانی مناسب است؟

کتاب «۱۰۰۰ مثال پایتون» برای طیف وسیعی از علاقه‌مندان به برنامه‌نویسی طراحی شده است. این منبع برای برنامه‌نویسان تازه‌کار که به دنبال یک نقطهٔ شروع عملی و غنی از مثال هستند، بسیار مناسب است و به آن‌ها کمک می‌کند تا پایه‌های خود را محکم کنند. همچنین، توسعه‌دهندگان با سطح متوسط که می‌خواهند دانش خود را در حوزه‌های خاص مانند تست‌نویسی، برنامه‌نویسی شیء‌گرا یا کار با کتابخانه‌ها ارتقا دهند، از محتوای جامع و پیشرفتهٔ کتاب بهره می‌برند. به‌طور کلی، این کتاب برای دانشجویان، مهندسان نرم‌افزار و هر علاقه‌مندی که می‌خواهد مهارت‌های برنامه‌نویسی خود را در پایتون به سطح بالاتری برساند، یک منبع ارزشمند و راهگشاست.

سوالات متداول

آیا این کتاب برای افرادی که هیچ پیش‌زمینه‌ای در برنامه‌نویسی ندارند، مناسب است؟

بله، این کتاب با مفاهیم پایه و ابتدایی مانند چیستی زبان برنامه‌نویسی و نصب پایتون آغاز می‌شود و با مثال‌های ساده، گام‌به‌گام خواننده را با دنیای کدنویسی آشنا می‌کند. رویکرد مثال‌محور و ساختار گام‌به‌گام آن، آن را به منبعی ایده‌آل برای مبتدیان تبدیل کرده است که می‌خواهند با تمرین عملی یاد بگیرند.

آیا مطالب کتاب صرفاً مقدماتی است یا موضوعات پیشرفته را نیز پوشش می‌دهد؟

این کتاب علاوه بر مبانی، به موضوعات پیشرفته‌تری مانند برنامه‌نویسی شیء‌گرا، کار با ماژول‌ها و کتابخانه‌ها، و حتی مباحث تخصصی‌تر مانند فیکسچرها و موکینگ در تست‌نویسی (با تمرکز بر Pytest) نیز می‌پردازد.

آیا این کتاب صرفاً مجموعه‌ای از مثال‌هاست یا توضیحات مفهومی هم دارد؟

کتاب بر اساس مطالب دوره‌های آموزشی نویسنده تهیه شده و هر مثال با توضیحات و نکات آموزشی همراه است تا خواننده نه تنها کد را ببیند، بلکه منطق و مفهوم پشت آن را نیز درک کند. این ترکیب، آن را از یک صرفاً مرجع کد به یک منبع آموزشی کامل تبدیل کرده است.

Table of Contents First steps What is Python? What is needed to write a program? The source (code) of Python Python 2 vs. Python 3 Installation Installation on Linux Installation on Apple Mac OSX Installation on MS Windows Editors, IDEs Documentation Program types Python on the command line First script - hello world Examples Comments Variables Exercise: Hello world What is programming? What are the programming languages A written human language A programming language Words and punctuation matter! Literals, Value Types in Python Floating point limitation Value Types in Numpy Rectangular (numerical operations) Multiply string Add numbers Add strings Exercise: Calculations Solution: Calculations Second steps Modules A main function The main function - called Indentation Conditional main Input - Output I/O print in Python 2 print in Python 3 print in Python 2 as if it was Python 3 Exception: SyntaxError: Missing parentheses in call Prompting for user input in Python 2 Prompting for user input in Python 3 Python2 input or raw_input? Prompting both Python 2 and Python 3 Add numbers entered by the user (oups) Add numbers entered by the user (fixed) How can I check if a string can be converted to a number? Converting string to int Converting float to int Conditionals: if Conditionals: if - else Conditionals: if - else (other example) Conditionals: else if Conditionals: elif Ternary operator Case or Switch in Python Exercise: Rectangular Exercise: Calculator Exercise: Standard Input Solution: Area of rectangular Solution: Calculator Command line arguments Command line arguments - len Command line arguments - exit Exercise: Rectangular (argv) Exercise: Calculator (argv) Solution: Area of rectangular (argv) Solution: Calculator eval Solution: Calculator (argv) Compilation vs. Interpretation Is Python compiled or interpreted? Flake8 checking Numbers Numbers Operators for Numbers Integer division and the future Pseudo Random Number Fixed random numbers Rolling dice - randrange Random choice built-in method Exception: TypeError: `module' object is not callable Fixing the previous code Exception: AttributeError: module `random' has no attribute Exercise: Number guessing game - level 0 Exercise: Fruit salad Solution: Number guessing game - level 0 Solution: Fruit salad Boolean if statement again True and False Boolean True and False values in Python Comparision operators Do NOT Compare different types Boolean operators Boolean truth tables Short circuit Short circuit fixed Incorrect use of conditions Exercise: compare numbers Exercise: compare strings Solution: compare numbers Solution: compare strings Strings Single quoted and double quoted strings Long lines Triple quoted strings (multiline) String length (len) String repetition and concatenation A character in a string String slice (instead of substr) Change a string How to change a string String copy String functions and methods (len, upper, lower) index in string index in string with range rindex in string with range find in string Find all in the string in string index if in string Encodings: ASCII, Windows-1255, Unicode raw strings ord ord in a file chr - number to character Exercise: one string in another string Exercise: to ASCII CLI Exercise: from ASCII CLI Solution: one string in another string Solution: compare strings Solution: to ASCII CLI Solution: from ASCII CLI Loops Loops: for-in and while for-in loop on strings for-in loop on list for-in loop on range Iterable, iterator for in loop with early end using break for in loop skipping parts using continue for in loop with break and continue while loop Infinite while loop While with complex expression While with break While True Duplicate input call Eliminate duplicate input call do while loop while with many continue calls Break out from multi-level loops Exit vs return vs break and continue Exercise: Print all the locations in a string Exercise: Number guessing game Exercise: MasterMind Exercise: Count unique characters Solution: Print all the locations in a string Solution 1 for Number Guessing Solution for Number Guessing (debug) Solution for Number Guessing (move) Solution for Number Guessing (multi-game) Solution: MasterMind Solution: Count unique characters MasterMind to debug PyCharm PyCharm Intro PyCharm Project PyCharm Files PyCharm - run code PyCharm Python console at the bottom left Refactoring example (with and without pycharm) Formatted printing format - sprintf Examples using format - indexing Examples using format with names Format columns Examples using format - alignment Format - string Format characters and types Format floating point number f-strings (formatted string literals) printf using old %-syntax Format braces, bracket, and parentheses Examples using format with attributes of objects raw f-strings Lists Anything can be a lists Any layout Lists List slice with steps Change a List Change with steps List assignment and list copy join join list of numbers split for loop on lists in list Where is the element in the list Index improved [ [ [ Remove element by index [ Remove first element of list Remove several elements of list by index Use list as a queue Queue using deque from collections Fixed size queue List as a stack stack with deque Exercies: Queue Exercise: Stack Solution: Queue with list Solution: Queue with deque Solution: Reverse Polish calculator (stack) with lists Solution: Reverse Polish calculator (stack) with deque Debugging Queue sort sort numbers sort mixed key sort Sort tuples sort with sorted sort vs. sorted key sort with sorted Sorting characters of a string range Looping over index Enumerate lists List operators List of lists List assignment List documentation tuple Exercise: color selector menu Exercise: count digits Exercise: Create list Exercise: Count words Exercise: Check if number is prime Exercise: DNA sequencing Solution: menu Solution: count digits Solution: Create list Solution: Count words Solution: Check if number is prime Solution: DNA sequencing Solution: DNA sequencing with filter Solution: DNA sequencing with filter and lambda [ append vs. extend split and extend Files Open and read file Filename on the command line Filehandle with and without Filehandle with return Read file remove newlines Read all the lines into a list Read all the characters into a string (slurp) Not existing file Open file exception handling Open many files - exception handling Writing to file Append to file Binary mode Does file exist? Is it a file? Exercise: count numbers Exercise: strip newlines Exercise: color selector Exercise: ROT13 Exercise: Combine lists Solution: count numbers Solution: strip newlines Solution: color selector Solution: Combine lists Read text file Open and read file Direct access of a line in a file Example Dictionary (hash) What is a dictionary When to use dictionaries Dictionary keys Loop over keys Loop using items values Not existing key Get key Does the key exist? Does the value exist? Delete key List of dictionaries Shared dictionary immutable collection: tuple as dictionary key immutable numbers: numbers as dictionary key Sort dictionary by value Sort dictionary keys by value Insertion Order is kept Change order of keys in dictionary - OrderedDict Set order of keys in dictionary - OrderedDict Exercise: count characters Exercise: count words Exercise: count words from a file Exercise: Apache log Exercise: Combine lists again Exercise: counting DNA bases Exercise: Count Amino Acids Exercise: List of dictionaries Exercise: Dictinoary of dictionaries Solution: count characters Solution: count characters with default dict Solution: count words Solution: count words in file Solution: Apache log Solution: Combine lists again Solution: counting DNA bases Solution: Count Amino Acids Loop over dictionary keys Do not change dictionary in loop Default Dict Sets sets set operations set intersection set subset set symmetric difference set union set relative complement set examples defining an empty set Adding an element to a set (add) Merging one set into another set (update) Functions (subroutines) Defining simple function Defining a function Parameters can be named Mixing positional and named parameters Default values Several defaults, using names Arbitrary number of arguments * Fixed parmeters before the others Arbitrary key-value pairs in parameters ** Extra key-value pairs in parameters Every parameter option Duplicate declaration of functions (multiple signatures) Recursive factorial Recursive Fibonacci Non-recursive Fibonacci Unbound recursion Variable assignment and change - Immutable Variable assignment and change - Mutable Parameter passing of functions Passing references Function documentation Sum ARGV Copy-paste code Copy-paste code fixed Copy-paste code further improvement Palindrome Exercise: statistics Exercise: recursive Exercise: Tower of Hanoi Exercise: Merge and Bubble sort Solution: statistics Solution: recursive Solution: Tower of Hanoi Solution: Merge and Bubble sort Modules Before modules Create modules path to load modules from - The module search path sys.path - the module search path Flat project directory structure Absolute path Relative path Python modules are compiled How ``import'' and ``from'' work? Runtime loading of modules Conditional loading of modules Duplicate importing of functions Script or library Script or library - import Script or library - from import assert to verify values mycalc as a self testing module doctest Scope of import Export import Export import with all import module Execute at import time Import multiple times Exercise: Number guessing Exercies: Scripts and modules Exercise: Module my_sum Exercise: Convert your script to module Exercise: Add doctests to your own code Solution: Module my_sum Regular Expressions What are Regular Expressions (aka. Regexes)? What are Regular Expressions good for? Examples Where can I use it ? grep Regexes first match Match numbers Capture Capture more Capture even more findall findall with capture findall with capture more than one Any Character Match dot Character classes Common characer classes Negated character class Optional character Regex 0 or more quantifier Quantifiers Quantifiers limit Quantifiers on character classes Greedy quantifiers Minimal quantifiers Anchors Anchors on both end Match ISBN numbers Matching a section Matching a section - minimal Matching a section negated character class DOTALL S (single line) MULTILINE M Two regex with logical or Alternatives Grouping and Alternatives Internal variables More internal variables Regex DNA Regex IGNORECASE Regex VERBOSE X Substitution findall capture Fixing dates Duplicate numbers Remove spaces Replace string in assembly code Full example of previous Split with regex Exercises: Regexes part 1 Exercise: Regexes part 2 Exercise: Sort SNMP numbers Exercise: parse hours log file and give report Exercise: Parse ini file Exercise: Replace Python Exercise: Extract phone numbers Solution: Sort SNMP numbers Solution: parse hours log file and give report Solution: Processing INI file manually Solution: Processing config file Solution: Extract phone numbers Regular Expressions Cheat sheet Fix bad JSON Fix very bad JSON Raw string or escape Remove spaces regex Regex Unicode Anchors Other example Python standard modules Some Standard modules sys Writing to standard error (stderr) Current directory (getcwd, pwd, chdir) OS dir (mkdir, makedirs, remove, rmdir) python which OS are we running on (os, platform) Get process ID OS path Traverse directory tree - list directories recursively os.path.join Directory listing expanduser - handle tilde Listing specific files using glob External command with system subprocess subprocess in the background Accessing the system environment variables from Python Set env and run command shutil time sleep in Python timer Current date and time datetime now Converting string to datetime datetime arithmeticis Rounding datetime object to nearest second Signals and Python Sending Signal Catching Signal Catching Ctrl-C on Unix Catching Ctrl-C on Unix confirm Alarm signal and timeouts deep copy list deep copy dictionary Exercise: Catching Ctrl-C on Unix 2nd time Exercise: Signals Ctrl-z JSON JSON - JavaScript Object Notation dumps loads dump load Round trip Pretty print JSON Sort keys in JSON Set order of keys in JSON - OrderedDict Exercise: Counter in JSON Exercise: Phone book Exercise: Processes Solution: Counter in JSON Solution: Phone book Command line arguments with argparse Modules to handle the command line argparse Basic usage of argparse Positional argument Many positional argument Convert to integers Convert to integer Named arguments Boolean Flags Short names Exercise: Command line parameters Exercise: argparse positional and named Exception handling Hierarchy of calls Handling errors as return values Handling errors as exceptions A simple exception Working on a list Catch ZeroDivisionError exception Module to open files and calculate something File for exception handling example Open files - exception Handle divide by zero exception Handle files - exception Catch all the exceptions and show their type List exception types Exceptions How to raise an exception Stack trace Exercies: Exception int conversion Exercies: Raise Exception Solution: Exception int conversion (specific) Solution: Exception int conversion (all other) Solution: Raise Exception Classes - OOP - Object Oriented Programming Why Object Oriented Programming? Generic Object Oriented Programming terms OOP in Python OOP in Python (numbers, strings, lists) OOP in Python (argparse) Create a class Import module containing class Import class from module Initialize a class - constructor, attributes Attributes are not special Create Point class Initialize a class - constructor, attributes Methods Stringify class Inheritance Inheritance - another level Modes of method inheritance Modes of method inheritance - implicit Modes of method inheritance - override Modes of method inheritance - extend Modes of method inheritance - delegate - provide Composition - Line Some comments Class in function Serialization of instances with pickle Quick Class definition and usage Exercise: Add move_rad to based on radians Exercise: Improve previous examples Exercise: Polygon Exercise: Number Exercise: Library Exercise: Bookexchange Exercise: Represent turtle graphics Solution - Polygon PyPi - Python Package Index What is PyPi? Easy Install pip Upgrade pip PYTHONPATH Virtualenv Virtualenv for Python 3 SQLite Database Access SQLite Connecting to SQLite database Create TABLE in SQLite INSERT data into SQLite database SELECT data from SQLite database A counter MySQL Install MySQL support Create database user (manually) Create database (manually) Create table (manually) Connect to MySQL Connect to MySQL and Handle exception Select data Select more data Select all data fetchall Select some data fetchmany Select some data WHERE clause Select into dictionaries Insert data Update data Delete data Exercise MySQL Exercise: MySQL Connection Solution: MySQL Connection PostgreSQL PostgreSQL install Python and Postgresql PostgreSQL connect INSERT INSERT (from command line) SELECT DELETE SQLAlchemy SQLAlchemy hierarchy SQLAlchemy engine SQLAlchemy autocommit SQLAlchemy engine CREATE TABLE SQLAlchemy engine INSERT SQLAlchemy engine SELECT SQLAlchemy engine SELECT all SQLAlchemy engine SELECT fetchall SQLAlchemy engine SELECT aggregate SQLAlchemy engine SELECT IN SQLAlchemy engine SELECT IN with placeholders SQLAlchemy engine connection SQLAlchemy engine transaction SQLAlchemy engine using context managers Exercise: Create table SQLAlchemy Metada SQLAlchemy types SQLAlchemy ORM - Object Relational Mapping SQLAlchemy ORM create SQLAlchemy ORM schema SQLAlchemy ORM reflection SQLAlchemy ORM INSERT after automap SQLAlchemy ORM INSERT SQLAlchemy ORM SELECT SQLAlchemy ORM SELECT cross tables SQLAlchemy ORM SELECT and INSERT SQLAlchemy ORM UPDATE SQLAlchemy ORM logging Solution: Create table Exercise: Inspector SQLAlchemy CREATE and DROP SQLAlchemy Notes SQLAlchemy Meta SQLite CREATE SQLAlchemy Meta Reflection SQLAlchemy Meta INSERT SQLAlchemy Meta SELECT NoSQL Types of NoSQL databases MongoDB MongoDB CRUD Install MongoDB support Python MongoDB insert MongoDB CLI Python MongoDB find Python MongoDB find refine Python MongoDB update Python MongoDB remove (delete) Redis Redis CLI Redis list keys Redis set get Redis incr Redis incrby Redis setex Web client urllib the web client urllib2 the web client httpbin.org requests get Download image using requests Download image as a stream using requests Download zip file Extract zip file Interactive Requests requests get JSON requests get JSON UserAgent requests get JSON UserAgent requests get header requests change header requests post Tweet API config file bit.ly Exercise: Combine web server and client Python Web server Hello world web Dump web environment info Web echo Web form Resources Python Flask Python Flask intro Python Flask installation Flask: Hello World Flask hello world + test Flask generated page - time Flask: Echo GET Flask: Echo POST Flask: templates Flask: templates Flask: templates with parameters Flask: runner Exercise: Flask calculator Static files Flask Logging Flask: Counter Color selector without session Session management Flask custom 404 page Flask Error page Flask URL routing Flask Path params Flask Path params (int) Flask Path params add (int) Flask Path params add (path) Jinja loop, conditional, include Exercise: Flask persistent Exercise: Flask persistent Flask Exercises Flask login Flask JSON API Flask and AJAX Flask and AJAX passlib Flask Testing Flask Deploy app Flask Simple Authentication + test Flask REST API Flask REST API - Echo Flask REST API - parameters in path Flask REST API - parameter parsing Flask REST API - parameter parsing - required Networking Secure shell ssh ssh from Windows Parallel ssh telnet prompt for password Python nmap ftp Interactive shell The Python interactive shell REPL - Read Evaluate Print Loop Using Modules Getting help Exercise: Interactive shell Testing Demo How do you test your code? What is testing? What is testing really? Testing demo - AUT - Application Under Test Testing demo - use the module Testing demo: doctets Testing demo: Unittest success Testing demo: Unittest failure Testing demo: pytest using classes Testing demo: pytest without classes Testing demo: pytest run doctests Testing demo: pytest run unittest Exercise: Testing demo Solution: Testing demo Types in Python mypy Types of variables Types of function parameters Types used properly TODO: mypy Testing Intro The software testing equasion The software testing equasion (fixed) The pieces of your software? Manual testing What to tests? Continuous Integration Functional programming Functional programming Iterators (Iterables) range range with list range vs. list size for loop with transformation map map delaying function call map on many values map with list double with lambda What is lambda in Python? lambda returning tuple map returning tuples lambda with two parameters map for more than one iterable map on uneven lists replace None (for Python 2) map on uneven lists - fixed (for Python 2) map mixed iterators map fetch value from dict Exercise: string to length Exercise: row to length Exercise: compare rows Solution: string to length Solution: row to length Solution: compare rows filter filter with lambda filter - map example filter - map in one expression Get indexes of values reduce reduce with default zip Creating dictionary from two lists using zip all, any Compare elements of list with scalar List comprehension - double List comprehension - simple expression List generator List comprehension Dict comprehension Lookup table with lambda Read lines without newlines Read key-value pairs Create index-to-value mapping in a dictionary based on a list of values Exercise: min, max, factorial Exercise: Prime numbers Exercise: Many validator functions Exercise: Calculator using lookup table Exercise: parse file Solution: min, max, factorial Solution: Prime numbers Solution: Many validator functions Solution: Calculator using lookup table map with condtion map with lambda map with lambda with condition List comprehension - complex Iterators - with and without Itertools Advantages of iterators and generators The Fibonacci research institute Fibonacci plain Fibonacci copy-paste Iterators Glossary What are iterators and iterables? A file-handle is an iterator range is iterable but it is not an iterator Iterator: a counter Using iterator Iterator without temporary variable The type of the iterator Using iterator with next Mixing for and next Iterable which is not an iterator Iterator returning multiple values Range-like iterator Unbound or infinite iterator Unbound iterator Fibonacci Operations on Unbound iterator itertools itertools - count itertools - cycle Exercise: iterators - reimplement the range function Exercise: iterators - cycle Exercise: iterators - alter Exercise: iterators - limit Fibonacci Exercise: iterators - Fibonacci less memory Exercise: read char Exercise: read section Exercise: collect packets Exercise: compare files Solution: iterators - limit Fibonacci Solution: iterators - Fibonacci less memory Solution: read section Solution: compare files Solution: collect packets Generators and Generator Expressions Generators Glossary Iterators vs Generators List comprehension and Generator Expression List comprehension vs Generator Expression - less memory List comprehension vs Generator Expression - lazy evaluation Generator: function with yield - call next Generators - call next Generator with yield Generators - fixed counter Generators - counter Generators - counter with parameter Generators - my_range Fibonacci - generator Infinite series Integers Integers + 3 Integers + Integers Filtered Fibonacci The series.py generator - unbound count (with yield) iterator - cycle Exercise: Alternator Exercise: Prime number generator Exercise: generator Exercise: Tower of Hanoi Exercise: Binary file reader Exercise: File reader with records Logging Simple logging Simple logging - set level Simple logging to a file Simple logging format Simple logging change date format getLogger Time-based logrotation Size-based logrotation Closures Counter local - not working Counter with global Create incrementors Create internal function Create function by a function Create function with parameters Counter closure Make incrementor with def (closure) Make incrementor with lambda Exercise: closure bank Solution: closure bank Solution: counter with parameter Decorators Function assignment Function inside other function Decorator Use cases for decorators in Python A recursive Fibonacci trace fibo tron decorator Decorate with direct call Decorate with parameter Decorator accepting parameter Decorate function with any signature Decorate function with any signature - implementation Exercise: Logger decorator Exercise: memoize decorator Solution: Logger decorator Solution: Logger decorator (testing) Solution memoize decorator Context managers (with statement) Why use context managers? Context Manager examples cd in a function open in function open in for loop open in function using with Plain context manager Param context manager Context manager that returns a value Use my tempdir - return Use my tempdir - exception cwd context manager tempdir context manager Context manager with class Context managers with class Context manager: with for file With - context managers Exercise: Context manager Exercise: Tempdir on Windows Solution: Context manager Advanced lists Change list while looping: endless list Change list while looping Copy list before iteration for with flag for else enumerate do while list slice is copy Advanced Exception handling Exceptions else Exceptions finally Exit and finally Catching exceptions Home made exception Home made exception with attributes Home made exception hierarcy Home made exception hierarcy - 1 Home made exception hierarcy - 2 Home made exception hierarcy - 3 Exercise: spacefight with exceptions Exercies: Raise My Exception Solution: spacefight with exceptions Solution: Raise My Exception Exception finally return Warnings Warnings CSV Reading CSV the naive way CSV with quotes and newlines Reading a CSV file CSV dialects CSV to dictionary Exercise: CSV Solution: CSV Excel Spreadsheets Python Excel Create an Excel file from scratch Worksheets in Excel Add expressions to Excel Format field Number series and chart Read Excel file Update Excel file Exercise: Excel XML XML Data Expat - Callbacks XML DOM - Document Object Model XML SAX - Simple API for XML SAX collect XML elementtree SciPy - for Scientific Computing in Python Data Science tools in Python Data Analysis resources Python and Biology Biopython Biopython background Bio python sequences Download data Read FASTA, GenBank files Search nucleotids Download nucleotids Exercise: Nucleotid Biology background Chemistry Chemistry links Bond length Covalent radius Python energy landscape explorer Other chemistry links numpy What is NumPy Numpy - vector NumPy 2D arrays Numpy - set type NumPy arrays: ones and zeros Numpy: eye NumPy array random NumPy Random integers NumPy array type change by division (int to float) Numpy: Array methods: transpose Numpy: reference, not copy Numpy: copy array Numpy: Elementwise Operations on Arrays Numpy: multiply, matmul, dot for vectors Numpy: multiply, matmul, dot for vector and matrix Numpy: multiply, matmul, dot for matrices Numpy: casting - converting from strings to integer. Numpy: indexing 1d array Numpy: slice is a reference Numpy: slice - copy Numpy: abs value on a Numpy array Numpy: Logical not on a Numpy array Numpy: Vectorize a function Numpy: Vectorize len Numpy: Vectorize lambda Numpy: Filtering array Numpy: Filter matrix values Numpy: Filter matrix rows Numpy: Stat Numpy: Serialization Numpy: Load from Matlab file Numpy: Save as Matlab file Numpy: Horizontal stack vectors (hstack) Numpy: Append or vertically stack vectors and matrices (vstack) Numpy uint8 Numpy int8 Pandas Pandas Planets Pandas Planets - Dataframes Pandas Stocks Pandas Stocks Merge Dataframes Analyze Alerts Analyze IFMetrics Create Excel file for experiment with random data Calculate Genome metrics Calculate Genome metrics - add columns Calculate Genome metrics - vectorized Calculate Genome metrics - vectorized numpy Genes using Jupyter Combine columns Pandas more Pandas Series Pandas Series with names Matplotlib About Matplotlib Matplotlib Line Matplotlib Line with dates Matplotlib Simple Pie Matplotlib Simple Pie with params Matplotlib Pie Matplotlib Pie 2 Plot, scatter, histogram Seaborn Searborn use examples Seaborn tip Seaborn Anscombes Quartet Jupyter notebooks Jupyter on Windows Jupyter on Linux and OSX Jupyter add Planets Jupyter notebook Planets Jupyter StackOverflow Jupyter StackOverflow - selected columns Jupyter processing chunks Jupyter StackOverflow - selected rows Jupyter StackOverflow - biggest countries (in terms of number of responses) Jupyter StackOverflow - historgram Jupyter StackOverflow - filter by country Jupyter StackOverflow - OpenSourcer Jupyter StackOverflow - cross tabulation Jupyter StackOverflow - salaries Jupyter StackOverflow - replace values Jupyter StackOverflow - selected rows Jupyter notebook Intellisense (TAB completition) Jupyter examples IPy Widgets Testing Traditional Organizations Quality Assurance Web age Organizations TDD vs Testing as an Afterthought Why test? Testing Modes Testing Applications Testing What to test? Testing in Python Testing Environment Testing Setup - Fixture Testing Resources Testing with unittest Use a module Test a module The tested module Testing - skeleton Testing Test examples Testing with PyTest Pytest features Pytest setup Testing with Pytest Testing functions Testing class and methods Pytest - execute Pytest - execute Pytest simple module to be tested Pytest simple tests - success Pytest simple tests - success output Pytest simple tests - failure Pytest simple tests - failure output Exercise: test math functions Exercise: test this app Exercise: test the csv module Solution: Pytest test math functions Solution: Pytest test this app Solution: test the csv module PyTest bank deposit PyTest expected exceptions (bank deposit) PyTest expected exceptions (bank deposit) - no exception happens PyTest expected exceptions (bank deposit) - different exception is raised PyTest expected exceptions PyTest expected exceptions output PyTest expected exceptions (text changed) PyTest expected exceptions (text changed) output PyTest expected exceptions (other exception) PyTest expected exceptions (other exception) output PyTest expected exceptions (no exception) PyTest expected exceptions (no exception) output PyTest: Multiple Failures PyTest: Multiple Failures output PyTest Selective running of test functions PyTest: stop on first failure Pytest: expect a test to fail (xfail or TODO tests) Pytest: expect a test to fail (xfail or TODO tests) PyTest: show xfailed tests with -rx Pytest: skipping tests Pytest: show skipped tests woth -rs Pytest: show extra test summmary info with -r Pytest: skipping tests output in verbose mode Pytest verbose mode Pytest quiet mode PyTest print STDOUT and STDERR using -s PyTest failure reports PyTest compare numbers PyTest compare numbers relatively PyTest compare strings PyTest compare long strings PyTest is one string in another strings PyTest test any expression PyTest element in list PyTest compare lists PyTest compare short lists PyTest compare short lists - verbose output PyTest compare dictionaries PyTest compare dictionaries output PyTest Fixtures PyTest Fixture setup and teardown PyTest Fixture setup and teardown output PyTest: Class setup and teardown PyTest: Class setup and teardown output Pytest Dependency injection Pytest fixture - tmpdir Pytest capture STDOUT and STDERR wit